| 詞或詞組 | 中文 | 英文解釋中文解釋 |
|---|---|---|
| Maraging steels | 馬氏體時效鋼 |
Very high-strength iron alloys named after ‘martensitic’ and ‘a(chǎn)ging’. They contain nickel, chromium, cobalt, and molybdenum, and form martensite on air cooling with a strength of about 1 GPa. When reheated to about 500°C and aged for some hours, a room-temperature strength of some 2.4 GPa is reached. 以“馬氏體”和“時效”命名的超高強度鐵合金。它們含有鎳、鉻、鈷和鉬，在空氣冷卻下形成強度約為1GPa的馬氏體。當(dāng)再加熱至約500°C并老化數(shù)小時時，室溫強度達(dá)到約2.4GPa。 |
| Decompression chamber | 減壓艙 |
A chamber in which ambient-air pressure can be increased to levels found in deep-sea diving. It is used to gradually acclimatize divers back to normal conditions and avoid ‘the bends’. 環(huán)境氣壓可以提高到深海潛水水平的腔室。它用于逐漸使?jié)撍畣T適應(yīng)正常條件，避免“彎曲”。 |
| Unison ring | 協(xié)調(diào)環(huán) |
In a turbomachine with adjustable guide or stator vanes, the ring to which a set of vanes is linked such that when the ring is rotated, all vane angles are adjusted. 在具有可調(diào)導(dǎo)向葉片或定子葉片的渦輪機中，一組葉片連接到的環(huán)，當(dāng)環(huán)旋轉(zhuǎn)時，所有葉片角度都可調(diào)整。 |
| Dimension line | 尺寸線 |
A line on an engineering drawing with a numeral above it that shows the length of a feature, usually in millimetres. 工程圖上的一條線，上面有一個數(shù)字，表示特征的長度，通常以毫米為單位。 |
| Austenitic stainless steels | 奧氏體不銹鋼 |
Austenitic stainless steels are non-magnetic. They contain significant additions of chromium (16–30%), but have the austenite (FCC) crystal structure, stabilized by the addition of nickel in the composition range 6–20%. Carbon content ranges from about 0.03 to 0.15%. The ‘18–8’ stainless steels containing approximately 18% chromium and 8% nickel are typical of the class. Austenitic stainless steels have high strength and corrosion resistance even at elevated temperatures, good ductility, good low-temperature properties, and good weldability. Used for aircraft and transport equipment, cutlery, chemical and food-processing equipment, surgical instruments, and cryogenic vessels. 奧氏體不銹鋼是非磁性的。它們含有顯著添加的鉻（16–30%），但具有奧氏體（FCC）晶體結(jié)構(gòu)，通過在6–20%的成分范圍內(nèi)添加鎳來穩(wěn)定。碳含量范圍約為0.03至0.15%。含有大約18%鉻和8%鎳的“18-8”不銹鋼是該級別的典型不銹鋼。奧氏體不銹鋼即使在高溫下也具有高強度和耐腐蝕性，良好的延展性，良好的低溫性能和良好的焊接性。用于飛機和運輸設(shè)備、餐具、化學(xué)和食品加工設(shè)備、手術(shù)器械和低溫容器。 |
| Swept volume (Unit m3) | 掃描體（單位m3) |
In the cylinder of a piston engine or other device, the volume between top and bottom dead centre positions of a piston; equal to πR2S where R is the piston radius and S is the stroke. 在活塞發(fā)動機或其他裝置的氣缸中，活塞上止點和下止點位置之間的體積；等于πR2S，其中R是活塞半徑，S是沖程。 |
| Blind rivet | 盲孔鉚釘 |
A rivet that enables a connexion to be made from one side only of an assembly. 一種鉚釘，可以僅從組件的一側(cè)進行連接。 |
| Salt bath heat treatment | 鹽浴熱處理 |
Heat treatment carried out in a bath of molten salt. 在熔融鹽浴中進行的熱處理。 |
| Flange | 法蘭 |
Flange refers to a head style for bolts where there is a circular ‘flange’ under the head that acts like a washer to distribute a load. A flange is a projected flat rim or collar. 1. Annular rims at the ends of pipes (flanged pipe) or shafts by which they may be coupled together using bolts that pass through holes in the flanges (flange coupling, flange union), or by toggle clamps around the periphery. 2. An extended rim on a wheel that positions it laterally on a track. Commonly used for railway rolling stock. 3. The top and bottom parts of an I-beam. 法蘭是指螺栓的頭部樣式，其中頭部下方有一個圓形“法蘭”，其作用類似于墊圈以分配載荷。凸緣是凸出的平輪輞或凸緣。1.管道（法蘭管）或軸端部的環(huán)形邊緣，通過這些邊緣，可以使用穿過法蘭孔的螺栓（法蘭聯(lián)軸器、法蘭接頭）或通過周邊的肘節(jié)夾將管道連接在一起。2.車輪上的延伸輪輞，將其橫向定位在軌道上。通常用于鐵路車輛。3.工字梁的頂部和底部。 |
| Relaxation rate | 松弛率 |
The absolute value of the slope of a stress-relaxation curve at a given time. 給定時間應(yīng)力松弛曲線斜率的絕對值。 |
| Pulley | 帶輪 |
A free or driven wheel on a shaft with an appropriately shaped rim to carry a flat belt, vee belt, notched belt, rope, or chain. Used to transmit power or motion. 軸上的自由輪或從動輪，具有適當(dāng)形狀的輪緣，以承載平皮帶、V形皮帶、槽口皮帶、繩索或鏈條。用于傳遞動力或運動。 |
| Strain aging | 應(yīng)變時效 |
The changes in ductility, hardness, yield point, and tensile strength that occur when a metal or alloy that has been cold worked is stored for some time. In steel, strain aging is characterized by a loss of ductility and a corresponding increase in hardness, yield point, and tensile strength. 已冷加工的金屬或合金在儲存一段時間后發(fā)生的延展性、硬度、屈服點和抗拉強度的變化。在鋼中，應(yīng)變時效的特點是延性損失，硬度、屈服點和抗拉強度相應(yīng)增加。 |
| Sinter (sintering) | 燒結(jié) |
A solid-state diffusion densification process for the production of objects, particularly porous objects, from raw material in powder, granular, mesh, perforatedsheet, or fibre form by heating to a temperature below the melting point until the constituents bond together. It is used for ceramic materials and metals. Applications of sintered materials include filtration, separation, flow control, fluidization, and noise reduction. The bonding of adjacent surfaces in a mass of particles by molecular or atomic attraction on heating at high temperatures below the melting temperature of any constituent in the material. Sintering strengthens a powder mass and normally produces densification and, in powdered metals, recrystallization. 一種固態(tài)擴散致密化工藝，用于從粉末、粒狀、網(wǎng)狀、穿孔片或纖維形式的原材料中生產(chǎn)物體，尤其是多孔物體，方法是加熱至低于熔點的溫度，直到成分結(jié)合在一起。它用于陶瓷材料和金屬。燒結(jié)材料的應(yīng)用包括過濾、分離、流量控制、流化和降噪。在低于材料中任何成分熔化溫度的高溫下加熱時，通過分子或原子引力將大量顆粒的相鄰表面結(jié)合起來。燒結(jié)增強了粉末質(zhì)量，通常會產(chǎn)生致密化，在粉末金屬中還會產(chǎn)生再結(jié)晶。 |
| Scratching | 刮擦 |
In tribology, the mechanical removal or displacement, or both, of material from a surface by the action of abrasive particles or protuberances sliding across the surfaces. 在摩擦學(xué)中，通過在表面上滑動的磨粒或突起的作用，材料從表面上的機械移除或移位，或兩者兼而有之。 |
| Binary vapour cycle | 二元蒸氣循環(huán) |
A power cycle which combines a steam cycle at relatively low temperature (the bottoming cycle) with a higher temperature cycle (the topping cycle) in which a working fluid such as mercury, sodium or potassium is used. 一種動力循環(huán)，它將相對低溫的蒸汽循環(huán)（底部循環(huán)）與高溫循環(huán)（頂部循環(huán)）相結(jié)合，其中使用了諸如汞、鈉或鉀之類的工作流體。 |
| Air composition | 空氣成分 |
The sea-level composition (in per cent by volume) of air at a temperature of 15°C and a pressure of 1 atm is mainly 78.084% nitrogen, 20.947% oxygen and 0.934% argon. The remaining 0.035% consists of carbon dioxide, neon, helium, methane, krypton, hydrogen, oxides of nitrogen, xenon, ozone, iodine, carbon monoxide, and ammonia. Different sources give slightly different figures for the composition. Not included are water vapour (typically 0.4%) and pollutants such as sulfur dioxide. 在15°C的溫度和1個大氣壓的壓力下，空氣的海平面成分（體積百分比）主要是78.084%的氮氣、20.947%的氧氣和0.934%的氬氣。剩余的0.035%由二氧化碳、氖、氦、甲烷、氪、氫、氮的氧化物、氙、臭氧、碘、一氧化碳和氨組成。不同的來源給出的組成略有不同。不包括水蒸氣（通常為0.4%）和二氧化硫等污染物。 |
| Zero time | 零時 |
The time when the given loading or constraint conditions are initially obtained in creep or stressrelaxation tests, respectively. 分別在蠕變或應(yīng)力松弛試驗中初始獲得給定載荷或約束條件的時間。 |
| Modulus of elasticity (E) | 彈性模量（E） |
The measure of rigidity or stiffness of a metal; the ratio of stress, below the proportional limit, to the corresponding strain. In terms of the stress-strain diagram, the modulus of elasticity is the slope of the stress-strain curve in the range of linear proportionality of stress to strain. 金屬的剛度或剛度的量度；低于比例極限的應(yīng)力與相應(yīng)應(yīng)變之比。根據(jù)應(yīng)力應(yīng)變圖，彈性模量是應(yīng)力應(yīng)變曲線在應(yīng)力應(yīng)變線性比例范圍內(nèi)的斜率。 |
| Screw jack | 螺旋千斤頂 |
A lifting device (jack) consisting of a nut and square-threaded shaft at the top of which is a load-bearing pad. Rotation of the nut raises or lowers the pad. 一種起重裝置（千斤頂），由螺母和方形螺紋軸組成，其頂部為承重墊。螺母的旋轉(zhuǎn)可升高或降低襯墊。 |
| Turn-of-nut | 轉(zhuǎn)動螺母 |
Sometimes used to describe the general rotation of the nut (or bolt head) as the fastener is tightened. More often used to define a particular tightening procedure in which a fastener is first tightened with a preselected torque, and is then tightened further by giving the nut an additional, measured, turn such as ‘‘three flats’’ (180°). 有時用于描述緊固件擰緊時螺母（或螺栓頭）的總體旋轉(zhuǎn)。更常用于定義一種特定的緊固程序，在該程序中，首先以預(yù)選扭矩擰緊緊固件，然后通過使螺母額外轉(zhuǎn)動，如“三平面”（180°）進一步擰緊。 |
| Brake lining | 制動襯片 |
The replaceable friction material that covers a brake shoe in an internally expanding brake. 在內(nèi)膨脹制動器中覆蓋制動的可更換摩擦材料。 |
| Pitch | 瀝青節(jié)距 |
The nominal distance between two adjacent thread roots or crests. In screw threads, the distance from a point on one thread to a corresponding point on the next thread measured parallel to the axis. In the case of spur gears, indicates the size of the gear teeth and is correctly called diametral pitch. 兩個相鄰螺紋根部或頂部之間的標(biāo)稱距離。在螺紋中，從一根螺紋上的一點到下一根螺紋對應(yīng)點的距離，平行于軸線測量。對于正齒輪，表示齒輪齒的尺寸，正確地稱為徑向節(jié)距。 |
| Lock-nut pipe thread | 鎖緊螺母管螺紋 |
The lock-nut pipe thread is a straight thread of the largest diameter which can be cut on a pipe. Its form is identical with that of the American or Briggs standard taper pipe thread. In general, “Go” gages only are required. These consist of a straight-threaded plug representing the minimum female lock-nut thread, and a straight-threaded ring representing the maximum male lock-nut thread. This thread is used only to hold parts together, or to retain a collar on the pipe. It is never used where a tight threaded joint is required. 鎖緊螺母管螺紋是最大直徑的直螺紋，可在管道上切割。其形式與美國或布里格斯標(biāo)準(zhǔn)錐管螺紋相同。一般情況下，只需要通規(guī)。它們由一個表示最小內(nèi)螺紋鎖緊螺母螺紋的直螺紋塞和一個表示最大外螺紋鎖緊螺帽螺紋的直形螺紋環(huán)組成。該螺紋僅用于將零件固定在一起，或用于將軸環(huán)固定在管道上。切勿使用于需要緊密螺紋接頭的情況下。 |
| Crack-extension force (G) | 裂紋擴展力（G） |
The elastic energy per unit of new separation area that would be made available at the front of an ideal crack in an elastic solid during a virtual increment of forward crack extension. 在向前裂紋擴展的虛擬增量期間，在彈性固體中理想裂紋的前端可獲得的每單位新分離面積的彈性能量。 |
| Range of stress (Sr) | 應(yīng)力范圍（Sr） |
The algebraic difference between the maximum and minimum stress in one cycle—that is, Sr?= Smax?– Smin 一個循環(huán)中最大和最小應(yīng)力之間的代數(shù)差，即Sr=Smax–Smin |
| Plane-strain fracture toughness (KIc) | 平面應(yīng)變斷裂韌性（KIc） |
The crack extension resistance under conditions of crack-tip plane strain. 裂紋尖端平面應(yīng)變條件下的裂紋擴展阻力。 |
| Screw feeder | 螺旋給料機 |
A mechanism for handling bulk materials in which a rotating helicoidal screw moves the material axially forward. Similar to a screw conveyor, but required to discharge material at a controlled rate very accurately. It operates with the screw completely full. 一種用于處理散裝物料的機構(gòu)，其中旋轉(zhuǎn)的螺旋螺桿使物料軸向向前移動。類似于螺旋輸送機，但需要以受控速率非常精確地排出物料。它在螺桿完全充滿的情況下運行。 |
| Volume flow rate | 體積流率 |
(volumetric flow rate, , ) (Unit m3/s) The volume of a material, usually a fluid or powder, that flows across a surface or through a pipe or other duct per unit time. （體積流量）（單位m3/s）單位時間內(nèi)流經(jīng)表面或管道或其他管道的材料體積，通常為流體或粉末。 |
| Screw machine | 螺絲機 |
A machine tool for high-volume manufacture of small turned components from rod or bar. 一種用棒或棒大批量制造小零件的機床。 |
| Bánki turbine | 班基渦輪機 |
A cross-flow, impulse-type water turbine for very low heads in which a jet of water in the form of a flat sheet passes transversely through the turbine, so going through the runner twice. The thin runner blades which run horizontally across the turbine parallel to the axis of rotation are profiled in cross section. 一種用于非常低水頭的橫流脈沖式水輪機，其中平板形式的水射流橫向穿過渦輪機，因此穿過轉(zhuǎn)輪兩次。平行于旋轉(zhuǎn)軸水平穿過渦輪機的薄轉(zhuǎn)輪葉片在橫截面上具有輪廓。 |
| Breaking stress | 斷裂應(yīng)力 |
The stress at failure. Also known as rupture stress. 失效時的應(yīng)力。也稱為破裂應(yīng)力。 |
| Spray quenching | 噴霧淬火 |
A quenching process using spray nozzles to spray water or other liquids on a part. The quench rate is controlled by the velocity and volume of liquid per unit area per unit of time of impingement. 使用噴嘴將水或其他液體噴射到零件上的淬火過程。淬火速率由每單位撞擊時間內(nèi)每單位面積的液體速度和體積控制。 |
| Thermal fatigue | 熱疲勞 |
Fatigue resulting from the presence of temperature gradients that vary with time in such a manner as to produce cyclic stresses in a structure. 由于溫度梯度的存在而產(chǎn)生的疲勞，溫度梯度隨時間變化，從而在結(jié)構(gòu)中產(chǎn)生循環(huán)應(yīng)力。 |
| Eutectic carbide | 共晶碳化物 |
Carbide formed during freezing as one of the mutually insoluble phases participating in the eutectic reaction of ferrous alloys. 在冷凍過程中形成的碳化物，是參與鐵合金共晶反應(yīng)的互不溶相之一。 |
| Critical temperature | 臨界溫度 |
(1) Synonymous with critical point if the pressure is constant. (2) The temperature above which the vapor phase cannot be condensed to liquid by an increase in pressure. （1） 如果壓力恒定，則與臨界點同義。（2） 高于該溫度時，氣相不能通過壓力升高而冷凝為液體。 |
| Specific heat capacity | 比熱容 |
The heat necessary to raise the temperature of 1 kg of a substance by 1 K. It is measured in J/(kg K). 將1千克物質(zhì)的溫度升高1K所需的熱量。單位為J/（kg K）。 |
| Newton’s law of viscosity | 牛頓內(nèi)摩擦定律 |
The shear stress between two parallel layers of fluid is proportional to the velocity of one relative to that of the other, and inversely proportional to the distance between them. The constant of proportionality is the dynamic viscosity μ. For a Newtonian fluid μ is independent of pressure gradient, shear stress, and strain, but may change with temperature and pressure. 兩個平行流體層之間的剪切應(yīng)力與其中一層相對于另一層的速度成正比，與它們之間的距離成反比。比例常數(shù)是動態(tài)粘度μ。對于牛頓流體，μ與壓力梯度、剪切應(yīng)力和應(yīng)變無關(guān)，但可能隨溫度和壓力而變化。 |
| Lead screw | 絲杠 |
The master screw running along the length of the bed of a lathe from which all screws threads on that machine are cut. Master screw used for cutting a screw thread in a lathe. 沿車床床身長度方向運行的主螺釘，該機床上的所有螺釘和螺紋都從主螺釘上切割下來。用于在車床上切削螺紋的主螺釘。 |
| Microscopic stresses | 微觀應(yīng)力 |
Residual stresses that vary from tension to compression in a distance (presumably approximating the grain size) that is small compared with the gage length in ordinary strain measurements. They are not detectable by dissection methods, but can sometimes be measured from line shift or line broadening in an x-ray diffraction pattern. 與普通應(yīng)變測量中的標(biāo)距相比，從拉伸到壓縮的距離（大概接近晶粒尺寸）較小的殘余應(yīng)力。它們無法通過解剖方法檢測到，但有時可以通過x射線衍射圖案中的線位移或線加寬來測量。 |
| Thermochemical treatment | 熱化學(xué)處理 |
Heat treatment carried out in a medium suitably chosen to produce a change in the chemical composition of the object by exchange with the medium. 在適當(dāng)選擇的介質(zhì)中進行熱處理，以通過與介質(zhì)交換產(chǎn)生物體化學(xué)成分的變化。 |
| Air compressor | 空氣壓縮機 |
A turbomachine that draws in air and delivers it at higher pressure, temperature, and density. It can be of axial, fan, reciprocating, or rotary design. 一種渦輪機，它吸入空氣并以更高的壓力、溫度和密度輸送空氣。它可以是軸流式、風(fēng)扇式、往復(fù)式或旋轉(zhuǎn)式設(shè)計。 |
| Fillister head | 槽頭 |
Similar to a pan head but with a smaller head diameter and a taller head, with higher vertical sides. 類似于盤頭，但頭部直徑較小，頭部較高，垂直邊較高。 |
| Working fluid | 工作流體 |
In thermodynamics, the fluid contained within the boundary of a system that experiences changes in its properties during any fluid dynamic or thermodynamic process. 在熱力學(xué)中，包含在系統(tǒng)邊界內(nèi)的流體，在任何流體動力學(xué)或熱力學(xué)過程中其性質(zhì)發(fā)生變化。 |
| Thermal efficiency | 熱效率 |
The ratio, for a heat engine or thermodynamic cycle, of the net work output to the net heat input into the system. 對于熱機或熱力循環(huán)，凈功輸出與系統(tǒng)凈熱輸入的比率。 |
| Centripetal | 向心力 |
Acting or moving in a direction towards the axis of rotation. 在朝向旋轉(zhuǎn)軸的方向上起作用或移動。 |
| Hardening | 硬化 |
Increasing hardness by suitable treatment, usually involving heating and cooling. When applicable, the following more specific terms should be used: age hardening, flame hardening, induction hardening, laser hardening, precipitation hardening, and quench hardening. 通過適當(dāng)?shù)奶幚碓黾佑捕龋ǔ０訜岷屠鋮s。適用時，應(yīng)使用以下更具體的術(shù)語：時效硬化、火焰硬化、感應(yīng)硬化、激光硬化、沉淀硬化和淬火硬化。 |
| Absolute specific gravity | 絕對比重 |
The ratio of the weight of any volume of a substance to the weight of an equal volume of a reference substance at the same temperature, often water at 4°C, both measured in a vacuum to avoid any effect of buoyancy. 在相同溫度下，任何體積的物質(zhì)的重量與等體積的參考物質(zhì)的重量之比，通常是4°C的水，兩者都是在真空中測量的，以避免任何浮力的影響。 |
| Angle of contact | 接觸角 |
(Unit °) The angle subtended at the centre of a pulley or sprocket wheel by the circumferential contact of a belt or chain. （單位°）皮帶或鏈條的圓周接觸在皮帶輪或鏈輪的中心所對的角度。 |
| Weight (W) (Unit N) | 重量（W）（單位：N） |
The force of attraction on a body due to gravity. A body’s weight is the product of its mass and the gravitational field strength at that point. Mass remains constant, but weight depends on the object’s position on the Earth’s surface, decreasing with increasing altitude. If g is the acceleration due to gravity, the weight of a mass m is given by W = mg. On Earth, the acceleration due to gravity is approximately 9.81 m/s2, so that the weight of a 1 kg mass is 9.81 N. More generally, the weight is the force exerted on the mass of a body when in the gravitational field of another body. 重力由于重力作用在物體上的吸引力。物體的重量是其質(zhì)量和該點引力場強度的乘積。質(zhì)量保持不變，但重量取決于物體在地球表面的位置，隨著海拔的升高而減小。如果g是重力引起的加速度，則質(zhì)量m的重量由W=mg給出。在地球上，重力引起的加速度約為9.81m/s2，因此1千克質(zhì)量的重量為9.81N。更一般地說，重量是在另一個物體的重力場中施加在物體質(zhì)量上的力。 |
| Fin neck carriage bolt | 翼頸圓頭方頸螺栓 |
A plain, circular, oval head bolt with two oppositely located fins to prevent rotation. 一種普通的圓形橢圓頭螺栓，有兩個相對的翼片以防止旋轉(zhuǎn)。 |
| Stove bolt | 爐用螺栓 |
This bolt has been so named because of its use in stove building. It is made in a number of different forms, either with a round button, or flat countersunk head, the head having a slot for a screwdriver and the threaded end being provided with a square or hexagon nut. 這種螺栓因其在爐灶建筑中的用途而得名。它有多種不同的形式，有圓形按鈕或平沉頭，頭部有螺絲刀槽，螺紋端有方形或六角螺母。 |
| Free ferrite | 游離鐵氧體 |
Ferrite that is formed directly from the decomposition of hypoeutectoid austenite during cooling, without the simultaneous formation of cementite. Also proeutectoid ferrite. 在冷卻過程中亞共析奧氏體分解直接形成的鐵素體，沒有同時形成滲碳體。也是先共析鐵氧體。 |
| Diaphragm compressor | 隔膜式壓縮機 |
A machine in which compression is achieved by the reciprocating motion of a flexible membrane of metal, plastic, or elastomeric material. This arrangement is ideally suited to pumping high-purity, toxic, or explosive gases. A similar machine incorporating check valves is a self-priming positive-displacement pump (diaphragm pump, membrane pump). 通過金屬、塑料或彈性材料的柔性薄膜的往復(fù)運動實現(xiàn)壓縮的機器。這種布置非常適合泵送高純度、有毒或爆炸性氣體。裝有止回閥的類似機器是自吸容積泵（隔膜泵、隔膜泵）。 |
| Proof stress | 彈性極限應(yīng)力 |
(1) The stress that will cause a specified small permanent set in a material. (2) A specified stress to be applied to a member or structure to indicate its ability to withstand service loads. （1）在材料中引起規(guī)定的小永久變形的應(yīng)力。（2）施加在構(gòu)件或結(jié)構(gòu)上的規(guī)定應(yīng)力，以表明其承受工作荷載的能力。 |
| Coil spring | 螺旋彈簧 |
A spiral (‘clockwork’) or helical (cylindrical) spring. A spring steel wire wound in a spiral pattern. 螺旋（“發(fā)條”）或螺旋（圓柱形）彈簧。以螺旋狀纏繞的彈簧鋼絲。 |
| Widmanst?tten structure | 魏氏組織 |
A structure characterized by a geometrical pattern resulting from the formation of a new phase along certain crystallographic planes of the parent solid solution. The orientation of the lattice in the new phase is related crystallographically to the orientation of the lattice in the parent phase. The structure is readily produced in many alloys by appropriate heat treatment. 一種結(jié)構(gòu)，其特征是沿母體固溶體的某些晶體學(xué)平面形成新相而形成的幾何圖案。新相中晶格的取向在晶體學(xué)上與母相中晶格的定向相關(guān)。通過適當(dāng)?shù)臒崽幚恚谠S多合金中容易產(chǎn)生這種結(jié)構(gòu)。 |
| Gear motor | 齒輪馬達(dá) |
Essentially a gear pump run in reverse, in which high-pressure fluid supplied to one side of the casing causes the gears to rotate. 本質(zhì)上是一個齒輪泵反向運行，其中供應(yīng)到外殼一側(cè)的高壓流體導(dǎo)致齒輪旋轉(zhuǎn)。 |
| Hot dipping | 熱浸 |
(hot-dip galvanizing) A process of coating an iron, steel, or aluminium object with a thin layer of zinc by passing it through a bath of molten zinc at a temperature of about 460°C. （熱浸鍍鋅）通過使鐵、鋼或鋁物體通過溫度約為460°C的熔融鋅浴，在鐵、鋼或鋁物體上鍍上一層薄薄的鋅層的工藝。 |
| Sampling frequency (Unit Hz) | 采樣頻率（單位Hz） |
(sampling rate) The number of measurement samples per unit time taken from a continuous analogue signal to produce a discrete signal. It is the inverse of the time between successive measurements (sampling interval, sampling period, or sampling time). （采樣率）從連續(xù)模擬信號中提取以產(chǎn)生離散信號的每單位時間的測量樣本數(shù)。它是連續(xù)測量之間時間的倒數(shù)（采樣間隔、采樣周期或采樣時間）。 |
| Lubricant | 潤滑劑 |
Any substance interposed between two surfaces for the purpose of reducing the friction or wear between them. 為了減少兩個表面之間的摩擦或磨損而置于兩個表面間的任何物質(zhì)。 |
| Screw pair | 螺旋副 |
Two links connected together to form a kinematic pair, in which the contacting surfaces are screw threads, so that their relative motion consists of rotation and sliding. 兩個連桿連接在一起形成運動副，其中接觸面為螺紋，因此它們的相對運動包括旋轉(zhuǎn)和滑動。 |
| Grain | 晶粒 |
1. An individual crystal in a polycrystalline solid. Most engineering materials such as metals and ceramics are used in polycrystalline form. 2. (gr) A non-SI unit of mass. The conversion to SI is 1 gr = 6.479 891 × 10?5?kg. 1.多晶固體中的單個晶體。大多數(shù)工程材料，如金屬和陶瓷，都以多晶形式使用。2.（gr）非國際單位制的質(zhì)量單位。轉(zhuǎn)換為SI為1gr=6.479891×10-5kg。 |
| Speed of rotation (N) | 轉(zhuǎn)速（N） |
(Unit rps or rpm) For an object rotating about a fixed axis, the speed of rotation is the number of turns (revolutions) of the object per unit time. It is equal to the angular velocity Ω (or ω) (unit rad/s) divided by 2π. （單位rps或rpm）對于繞固定軸旋轉(zhuǎn)的物體，旋轉(zhuǎn)速度是物體每單位時間的轉(zhuǎn)數(shù)。它等于角速度Ω（或ω）（單位rad/s）除以2π。 |
| Forced-air quench | 強制空氣淬火 |
A quench utilizing blasts of compressed air against relatively small parts such as a gear. 利用壓縮空氣沖擊相對較小的零件（例如齒輪）進行的淬火。 |
| Clearance volume | 余隙容積 |
(Unit m3) The ‘dead’ volume above a piston, including the recess in the cylinder head, in a reciprocating compressor or engine when the piston is at top dead centre. （單位m3）活塞位于上止點時活塞上方的“死區(qū)”體積，包括氣缸蓋中的凹槽，在往復(fù)式壓縮機或發(fā)動機中。 |
| Case hardening | 表面硬化 |
A generic term covering several processes applicable to steel that change the chemical composition of the surface layer by absorption of carbon, nitrogen, or a mixture of the two and, by diffusion, create a concentration gradient. The processes commonly used are carburizing and quench hardening; cyaniding; nitriding; and carbonitriding. The use of the applicable specific process name is preferred. 一個通用術(shù)語，涵蓋適用于鋼的幾種工藝，這些工藝通過吸收碳、氮或二者的混合物改變表層的化學(xué)成分，并通過擴散形成濃度梯度。常用的工藝有滲碳和淬火硬化，氰化，氮化以及碳氮共滲。優(yōu)選使用適用的特定工藝名稱。 |
| International Bureau of Weights and Measures | 國際度量衡局IBWM |
(BIPM, Bureau International des Poids et Mesures) The intergovernmental organization which has the mandate to provide the basis for a single, coherent system of measurements, traceable to the International System of Units. （BIPM，國際計量局）政府間組織，其任務(wù)是為可追溯到國際單位制的單一、一致的計量系統(tǒng)提供基礎(chǔ)。 |
| Water hammer | 水錘 |
The reflected pressure surge that occurs in a liquid flowing through a pipe, usually as a consequence of sudden closure of a valve. The surge may cause the pipe to vibrate and a hammering noise to be heard. Key factors affecting the surge amplitude are the compressibility of the liquid (especially if it contains undissolved gas) and the elasticity of the pipe wall. 在流經(jīng)管道的液體中發(fā)生的反射壓力波動，通常是閥門突然關(guān)閉的結(jié)果。浪涌可能導(dǎo)致管道振動，并聽到錘擊噪音。影響喘振幅度的關(guān)鍵因素是液體的可壓縮性（特別是當(dāng)其含有未溶解氣體時）和管壁的彈性。 |
| Assembly drawing | 裝配圖紙 |
An engineering drawing that shows how parts are assembled to produce a component or a complete machine. It may include sections to show internal features, dimensions that are critical for assembly, manufacturing information, and part numbers. 顯示零件如何組裝以生產(chǎn)組件或整機的工程圖。它可能包括顯示內(nèi)部特征、對裝配至關(guān)重要的尺寸、制造信息和零件編號的部分。 |
| Absolute humidity | 絕對濕度 |
The weight of water vapor in a gadwater vapor mixture per unit volume of space occupied, expressed, for example, in grains or pounds per cubic foot. 單位體積空間占用的水蒸氣混合物中水蒸氣的重量，例如，以谷物或磅/立方英尺表示。 |
| Clevis joint | U形接頭 |
A joint formed by two parallel cantilever beams pressed upon a component between the beams. 由兩個平行懸臂梁壓在梁之間的部件上形成的接頭。 |
| Degrees of freedom | 自由度 |
The number of independent variables (such as temperature, pressure, or concentration within the phases present) that may be altered at will without causing a phase change in an alloy system at equilibrium; or the number of such variables that must be fixed arbitrarily to define the system completely. 可以隨意改變而不引起平衡時合金系統(tǒng)相變的自變量的數(shù)量（例如存在的相內(nèi)的溫度、壓力或濃度）；或必須任意固定以完全定義系統(tǒng)的此類變量的數(shù)量。 |
| Batch | 一批 |
A definite quantity of some product or material produced under conditions that are considered uniform. A batch is usually smaller than a lot. 在被認(rèn)為是均勻的條件下生產(chǎn)的一定數(shù)量的某些產(chǎn)品或材料。批次通常小于很多。 |
| Available draught (Unit Pa) | 可用通風(fēng)量（單位Pa） |
The reduced pressure of combustion gases in a furnace or boiler, either forced or due to the buoyancy of hot gases, which is used to draw in combustion air and remove products of combustion. 爐子或鍋爐中燃燒氣體的壓力降低，無論是強制還是由于熱氣體的浮力，用于吸入燃燒空氣并去除燃燒產(chǎn)物。 |
| Radial load (Unit N) | 徑向負(fù)荷（單位：N） |
1. Centrifugal loading induced in a rotating body. 2. (through-wallthickness load) The radial component of loading arising from internal or external pressurization of a closed vessel. There will also be axial and hoop loading. 1.旋轉(zhuǎn)體中產(chǎn)生的離心載荷。2.（貫穿壁厚載荷）由封閉容器的內(nèi)部或外部加壓產(chǎn)生的載荷的徑向分量。還存在軸向和環(huán)向載荷。 |
| Stress distribution | 應(yīng)力分布 |
The manner in which tensile, compressive, and shear stresses are distributed within a loaded body, indicated by loci of constant stress. 拉應(yīng)力、壓應(yīng)力和剪應(yīng)力在受載物體內(nèi)的分布方式，由恒定應(yīng)力軌跡表示。 |
| Equilibrium diagram | 平衡圖 |
A graphical representation of the temperature, pressure and composition limits of phase fields in an alloy system as they exist under conditions of complete equilibrium. In metal systems, pressure is usually considered constant. 在完全平衡條件下，合金系統(tǒng)中相場的溫度、壓力和成分極限的圖形表示。在金屬系統(tǒng)中，壓力通常被認(rèn)為是恒定的。 |
| Nominal size | 公稱尺寸 |
The intended size of a component. The actual size will depend on manufacturing tolerances. 組件的預(yù)期尺寸。實際尺寸取決于制造公差。 |
| Venturi | 文丘里管 |
A convergent–divergent flow nozzle, usually circular in cross section, with a relatively short convergent section (the confuser) upstream of a throat followed by a gradually diverging section (the diffuser). Such nozzles usually have flanges at either end for installation in a pipeline. Applications include flow meters and ejectors. When a fluid flows through a convergent duct at subsonic speed, there is an increase in velocity accompanied by a decrease in pressure (Venturi effect). 收斂-發(fā)散流噴嘴，橫截面通常為圓形，喉部上游具有相對較短的收斂段（擾流器），然后是逐漸發(fā)散段（擴散器）。這種噴嘴通常在兩端都有法蘭，以便安裝在管道中。應(yīng)用包括流量計和噴射器。當(dāng)流體以亞音速流過收斂管道時，速度增加，壓力降低（文丘里效應(yīng)）。 |
| Coefficient of cubic expansion | 立方膨脹系數(shù) |
The fractional increase in volume per unit temperature rise. 每單位溫度升高的體積增加分?jǐn)?shù)。 |
| Coarse threads | 粗螺紋 |
Threads with relatively large separation between corresponding points on the threads. 螺紋上相應(yīng)點之間的間距相對較大的螺紋。 |
| Angularity | 角度 |
The underfaces of the nut and the bolt head should be exactly perpendicular to the thread or shank axes. If the angle between the face and the axis is, for example, 868 or 948, the fastener is said to have an angularity of 48 (sometimes called Perpendicularity). 螺母和螺栓頭的底面應(yīng)與螺紋或柄軸完全垂直。例如，如果面和軸之間的角度為868或948，則稱緊固件的角度為48（有時稱為垂直度）。 |
| British thermal unit (BTU, Btu) | 英熱單位（BTU，Btu） |
An obsolete (non-SI) imperial unit of energy defined as the energy required to raise the temperature of one pound of pure water at 68°F by 1°F. The conversion to SI is 1 Btu = 1.055 056 × 103?J. 一種已被淘汰的（非SI）英制能量單位，定義為將68°F的一磅純水的溫度升高1°F所需的能量。轉(zhuǎn)換為SI為1Btu=1.055056×103J。 |
| Repeatability | 重復(fù)性 |
A term used to refer to the test-result variability associated with a limited set of specifically defined sources of variability within a single laboratory. 一個術(shù)語，用于指與單個實驗室內(nèi)一組有限的特定變異源相關(guān)的測試結(jié)果變異性。 |
| Alloying element | 合金元素 |
Component added deliberately with the aim of improving the properties of an alloy. Alloying elements can affect the existence range of equilibrium phases present in an unalloyed material, or lead to the occurrence of new phases, or both. In addition, alloying elements strongly affect the kinetics of phase transformations and thus the microstructure formation in alloyed materials. 為改善合金性能而有意添加的成分。合金元素可以影響非合金材料中存在的平衡相的存在范圍，或?qū)е滦孪嗟某霈F(xiàn)，或兩者兼而有之。此外，合金元素強烈影響相變動力學(xué)，從而影響合金材料的微觀結(jié)構(gòu)形成。 |
| Tear strength (Unit N/m) | 撕裂強度（單位：N/m） |
The tensile force divided by the sheet thickness required to tear a pre-split sheet material at a specified rate. Particularly used for plastics, rubber, fabrics, and elastomers. Since the units are not those of stress but equivalent to J/m2, the units of toughness, the term ‘strength’ is strictly incorrect. 按規(guī)定速率撕裂預(yù)裂片材所需的張力除以片材厚度。特別用于塑料、橡膠、織物和彈性體。由于單位不是應(yīng)力單位，而是相當(dāng)于J/m2，韌性單位，“強度”一詞是完全錯誤的。 |
| Austenite-stabilizer | 奧氏體穩(wěn)定劑 |
Alloying element expanding the γ-phase field in the corresponding phase diagram, which manifests itself in a decrease of the A3?temperature and an increase of the A4?temperature in binary alloys Fe–M as well as in a decrease of A1?temperature in ternary alloys Fe–C–M (M is an alloying element). The solubility of austenite-stabilizers in ferrite is much lower than in austenite. Under the influence of austenite-stabilizers, austenite can become thermodynamically stable down to room temperature. 合金元素擴展了相應(yīng)相圖中的γ相場，這表現(xiàn)為二元合金Fe-M中A3溫度的降低和A4溫度的升高，以及A1溫度的降低三元合金Fe–C–M（M是合金元素）。奧氏體穩(wěn)定劑在鐵素體中的溶解度遠(yuǎn)低于在奧氏體中的溶解度。在奧氏體穩(wěn)定劑的影響下，奧氏體可以在低至室溫時變得熱力學(xué)穩(wěn)定。 |
| Butt joint | 對接接頭 |
The end-to-end joining of two plates either by welding or by overlapping plates that are bolted or riveted. 通過焊接或通過螺栓或鉚接的重疊板將兩塊板端對端連接。 |
| Surface hardness | 表面硬度 |
(superficial hardness) Indentation hardness on, and for some distance below, the surface of a component, as opposed to its bulk hardness. Depending on the resolution required, micro- or nano-hardness testing machines are employed. （表面硬度）與整體硬度相反，部件表面及其下方一定距離的壓痕硬度。根據(jù)所需的分辨率，可使用微型或納米硬度測試機。 |
| Elongation | 伸張率 |
A term used in mechanical testing to describe the amount of extension of a test piece when stressed. 機械測試中使用的術(shù)語，用于描述試樣在受力時的延伸量。 |
| Mass flow meter | 質(zhì)量流量計 |
An instrument, such as a Coriolis flow meter, which measures the mass flow rate of a fluid flowing through a pipe or other duct, rather than its volume flow rate. 一種儀器，例如科里奧利流量計，一種測量流經(jīng)管道或其他管道的流體的質(zhì)量流率而不是其體積流率的儀器。 |
| Gauge | 測量 |
1. Any instrument for measuring or checking dimensions, including adjustable gauges such as a micrometer and non-adjustable gauges such as go/no-go limit gauges that indicate the maximum and minimum dimensions allowable in a component during manufacture. 2. A term often used to mean an instrument, e.g. pressure gauge. 3. The diameter of a wire or thickness of a sheet according to a standard. 4. The distance between the rails of a railway track. 1. 任何用于測量或檢查尺寸的儀器，包括可調(diào)節(jié)量規(guī)（例如千分尺）和不可調(diào)節(jié)量規(guī)（例如指示制造過程中組件允許的最大和最小尺寸的通過/不通過限制量規(guī)）。2. 常用于表示儀器的術(shù)語，例如壓力表。3.根據(jù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的線材直徑或片材厚度。4.鐵路軌道的鋼軌之間的距離。 |
| Spring load (Unit N) | 彈簧載荷（單位：N） |
A load exerted on a component by bending, compressing, extending, or twisting an attached spring. Mechanical energy stored in the spring can be released if any constraints on the component are removed. 通過彎曲、壓縮、延伸或扭轉(zhuǎn)連接的彈簧而施加在部件上的載荷。如果部件上的任何約束被移除，則可以釋放彈簧中存儲的機械能。 |
| Positive-displacement machine | 正排量機 |
A machine that incorporates pistons, valves, etc. to ensure positive admission and delivery of a working fluid and prevent undesired reversal of flow. This class of machine incorporates all reciprocating compressors and expanders and some types of rotary compressor, the Roots blower, agear pump, a lobe pump, and a vane pump. 包含活塞、閥門等的機器，以確保工作流體的正向進入和輸送，并防止不期望的反向流動。這類機器包括所有往復(fù)式壓縮機和膨脹機以及一些類型的旋轉(zhuǎn)壓縮機、羅茨鼓風(fēng)機、抽水機、凸輪泵和葉片泵。 |
| Thermomechanical working | 熱機械加工 |
A general term covering a variety of processes combining controlled thermal and deformation treatments to obtain specific properties. Same as thermal-mechanical treatment. 一個通用術(shù)語，涵蓋結(jié)合受控?zé)崽幚砗妥冃翁幚硪垣@得特定性能的各種工藝。與熱機械處理相同。 |
| Shank | 螺桿 |
Portion of a bolt which lies under the head. 1. The stem of a tool, such as a broach, drill bit, reamer, or tap, which fits into a holder such as a chuck. 2. The stem of a rivet or the unthreaded part of a screw or bolt. 3. The shaft of a tool connecting the tip and the handle. 螺栓頭部下方的部分。1.一種工具的柄部，如拉刀、鉆頭、鉸刀或絲錐，可裝入夾具（如卡盤）中。鉚釘?shù)臈U或螺釘或螺栓的無螺紋部分。3.連接尖端和手柄的工具的軸。 |
| Water jacket | 水套 |
A casing, typically of sheet metal, surrounding a machine, such as an engine, that requires cooling. Water is circulated through the jacket and a heat exchanger where the heat is removed. 機殼一種機殼，通常由金屬板制成，圍繞著需要冷卻的機器，如發(fā)動機。水通過夾套和熱交換器循環(huán)，在熱交換器中熱量被去除。 |
| Piston pump | 活塞泵 |
A positive-displacement pump in the basic configuration of which a piston reciprocates in a cylinder. On the suction stroke, fluid is drawn into a chamber through the inlet valve, which is then open while the outlet valve is closed. On the delivery stroke the fluid is forced out of the chamber through the outlet valve, which then opens while the inlet valve is closed. Both axial and radial configurations are common. 活塞在氣缸中往復(fù)運動的一種容積泵。在吸入沖程，流體通過入口閥吸入腔室，然后在出口閥關(guān)閉時打開。在輸送沖程中，流體通過出口閥被迫流出腔室，然后出口閥打開，同時入口閥關(guān)閉。軸向和徑向配置都很常見。 |
| Chain dimensioning | 鏈條尺寸標(biāo)注 |
On an engineering drawing, where the end point of one dimension is the starting point for the next. Parallel dimensioning is preferred as chain dimensioning can lead to the accumulation of tolerances. 在工程圖紙上，其中一個尺寸的終點是下一個的起點。平行尺寸標(biāo)注是首選，因為鏈尺寸標(biāo)注可能導(dǎo)致公差累積。 |
| Machine screw | 機械螺絲 |
A countersunk, slotted screw with machined threads such as are found on bolts. A relatively small screw, usually less than 20 mm in diameter, with the thread running along the whole length up to the head, intended to be screwed into threaded holes. If inserted through plain holes in assembled parts and held together by a nut, an undesirable contact surface of threads bearing against the surface of a hole results. 帶有機加工螺紋的沉頭開槽螺釘，如螺栓上的螺紋。一種相對較小的螺釘，直徑通常小于20毫米，螺紋沿整個長度一直延伸到頭部，用于擰入螺紋孔中。如果通過裝配零件上的平孔插入并用螺母固定在一起，則會導(dǎo)致螺紋與孔表面接觸不良。 |
| Kilocalorie | 千卡 |
(Cal, kg-cal, kilogram-calorie, large calorie) An obsolete (i.e. non-SI) unit of energy equal to 1 000 cal. （卡，千克卡，千克卡路里，大卡路里）一種已被淘汰的（即非國際單位制）能量單位，等于1000卡。 |
| Cold treatment | 冷處理 |
Treatment carried out after quenching to transform retained austenite into martensite, involving cooling and holding at a temperature below ambient. 淬火后進行的處理，以將殘余奧氏體轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)轳R氏體，包括冷卻和保持在低于環(huán)境溫度的溫度。 |
| Thread insert | 螺紋嵌件 |
(threaded bushing) Either a thin cylinder with an internal thread (and sometimes also an external thread) or a helical coil of wire, pressed or screwed into a hole to accept a bolt or screw. Used in material too soft or a component too thin to be threaded, to change one form of thread to another or to repair a damaged thread. （螺紋襯套）一種帶有內(nèi)螺紋（有時也有外螺紋）的薄圓柱體或螺旋形線圈，壓入或擰入孔中以接受螺栓或螺釘。用于材料太軟或部件太薄而無法螺紋連接，用于將一種形式的螺紋更換為另一種形式或修復(fù)損壞的螺紋。 |
| Energy losses (Unit kJ) | 能量損失（單位kJ） |
A commonly-used misnomer in view of the conservation-ofenergy principle, but used to mean energy converted into forms that are not used in a process, for example thermal energy from a heat engine dissipated to the surroundings, or produced by friction in a machine, or by surface drag. 從能量守恒原理來看，這是一個常用的術(shù)語錯誤，但可以用于表示轉(zhuǎn)換為過程中未使用的形式的能量，例如，從熱機散發(fā)到周圍環(huán)境的熱能，或由機器中的摩擦或表面阻力產(chǎn)生的熱能。 |
| Freezing point | 冰點 |
The temperature at which a substance changes phase (or state) from liquid to solid. The freezing point for most substances increases as pressure increases. The reverse process, from solid to liquid, is melting; melting point is the same as freezing point. 物質(zhì)從液態(tài)變?yōu)楣虘B(tài)的溫度。大多數(shù)物質(zhì)的冰點隨著壓力的增加而增加。從固體到液體的逆過程是熔化；熔點與凝固點相同。 |
| Nano machining | 納米加工 |
The machining of silicon chips typically less than 1 nm thick. 硅芯片的加工通常小于1nm厚。 |
| Transformation temperature | 相變溫度 |
The temperature at which a change in phase occurs. The term is sometimes used to denote the limiting temperature of a transformation range. The following symbols are used for iron and steels. 發(fā)生相位變化的溫度。該術(shù)語有時用于表示轉(zhuǎn)變范圍的極限溫度。以下符號用于鋼鐵。 |
| Creep | 蠕變 |
The slow, plastic deformation of a body under heavy loads. Time-dependent plasticity. Time-dependent and permanent deformation of material under constant load or stress. The strain increases with time at a rate that increases with increasing temperature. Creep can lead to large strain and eventual failure, and so limit the lifetime of components subjected to load at high temperature. Creep in metals becomes significant at homologous temperatures in excess of about 0.4, e.g. 1200°C for tungsten, 504°C for titanium, 450°C for iron, and 100°C for aluminium. 物體在重載荷下緩慢的塑性變形，隨時間變化的可塑性，材料在恒定載荷或應(yīng)力下隨時間變化的永久變形。應(yīng)變隨時間以隨溫度升高而增加的速率增加。蠕變可能導(dǎo)致大應(yīng)變和最終失效，從而限制部件在高溫下承受載荷的壽命。當(dāng)同源溫度超過約0.4℃時，金屬蠕變變得顯著，例如鎢為1200℃，鈦為504℃，鐵為450℃，鋁為100℃。 |
| Impact test | 碰撞測試 |
A test for determining the energy absorbed in fracturing a test piece at high velocity, as distinct from static test. The test may be carried out in tension, bending, or torsion, and the test bar may be notched or unnotched. 測定試件在高速下破裂時吸收的能量的試驗，與靜態(tài)試驗不同。測試可以在拉伸、彎曲或扭轉(zhuǎn)條件下進行，測試桿可以有缺口或無缺口。 |
| Bolt blank | 螺栓毛坯 |
A rod on which a head has been formed, but on which no thread has been cut, from which bolts or screws may be made as required. 一種已形成頭部但未切割螺紋的桿，可根據(jù)需要從中制造螺栓或螺釘。 |
| DIN | DIN |
Deutsches Institut für Normung, the German Institute for Standardization. Deutsches Institut für Normung，德國標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化研究所。 |
| Stress–strain curve | 應(yīng)力-應(yīng)變曲線 |
(stress–strain diagram) A plot of stress vs strain for a solid material obtained from a test in which a specimen is loaded in tension, compression, shear, or combinations thereof. Diagrams of true stress vs true strain deviate from those of nominal stress vs nominal strain only at large strains where appreciable changes in cross section of testpieces occur. （應(yīng)力-應(yīng)變圖）從試驗中獲得的固體材料的應(yīng)力與應(yīng)變圖，其中試樣在拉伸、壓縮、剪切或其組合中加載。只有在試件橫截面發(fā)生明顯變化的大應(yīng)變下，真實應(yīng)力與真實應(yīng)變圖與標(biāo)稱應(yīng)力與標(biāo)稱應(yīng)變圖不同。 |
| Temper color | 回火顏色 |
A thin, tightly adhering oxide skin that forms when steel is tempered at a low temperature, or for a short time, in air or a mildly oxidizing atmosphere. The color, which ranges from straw to blue depending on the thickness of the oxide skin, varies with both tempering time and temperature. 一種薄的、緊密粘附的氧化皮，當(dāng)鋼在低溫或短時間內(nèi)在空氣或輕度氧化氣氛中回火時形成。顏色范圍從稻草色到藍(lán)色，取決于氧化皮的厚度，隨回火時間和溫度而變化。 |
| Impact strength 1. (Unit Pa) | 沖擊強度1.（單位Pa） |
The stress to cause failure (by yielding or fracture) under conditions of high strain rate. 2. (Unit J) A term sometimes used to describe the energy required to fracture a specimen in a Charpy or Izod impact test even though the unit is not that of strength. 在高應(yīng)變率條件下導(dǎo)致失效（通過屈服或斷裂）的應(yīng)力。2.（單位J）有時用于描述在夏比或懸臂梁式?jīng)_擊試驗中使樣品斷裂所需的能量，即使單位不是強度單位。 |
| Black annealing | 黑退火 |
Box annealing or pot annealing ferrous alloy sheet, strip, wire to impart a black color to the oxidized surface. 對鐵合金板、帶、線進行箱式退火或罐式退火，使氧化表面呈黑色。 |
| Physical crack size (ap) | 物理裂紋尺寸（ap） |
The distance from a reference plane to the observed crack front. This distance may represent an average of several measurements along the crack front. The reference plane depends on the specimen form, and it is normally taken to be either the boundary or a plane containing either the load line or the centerline of a specimen or plate. 從基準(zhǔn)面到觀察到的裂紋前沿的距離。該距離可以表示沿裂紋前沿的若干測量的平均值。基準(zhǔn)面取決于試樣形狀，通常視為邊界或包含試樣或板的載重線或中心線的平面。 |
| Combined heat and power plant | 熱電聯(lián)產(chǎn)電廠 |
(CHP plant, COGEN, cogeneration plant, total-energy plant) A plant for the simultaneous production of more than one useful form of energy from the same energy source, such as process heat and electric power. In the arrangement shown, partially expanded steam is extracted from the steam turbine and used to produce process heat. （CHP工廠、COGEN、熱電聯(lián)產(chǎn)工廠、總能源工廠）從同一能源（如過程熱能和電力）同時生產(chǎn)一種以上有用能源的工廠。在所示的布置中，部分膨脹的蒸汽從蒸汽輪機中提取并用于產(chǎn)生過程熱量。 |
| Galvanic protection | 電流保護 |
The coating on a fastener is said to provide galvanic protection if it is more anodic than the fastener and will, therefore, be destroyed instead of the fastener. Zinc plate (galvanizing) provides galvanic protection to steel fasteners, for example. 如果緊固件上的涂層比緊固件更具陽極性，則據(jù)說它可以提供電流保護，將會因此被破壞而不是緊固。例如，鋅板（鍍鋅）為鋼緊固件提供電流保護。 |
| Tangent screw | 微動螺旋 |
A worm screw used to adjust measuring instruments such as sextants and vernier callipers. 用于調(diào)整六分儀和游標(biāo)卡尺等測量儀器的蝸桿。 |
| Radioactive heat (Unit J) | 放射性熱（單位J） |
Thermal energy released from the nucleus of an atom such as uranium235 by fission due to the absorption of a neutron. Heat is also produced by radioactive decay. 鈾235等原子核因吸收中子而裂變釋放的熱能。放射性衰變也會產(chǎn)生熱量。 |
| Hot quenching | 熱淬火 |
An imprecise term used to cover a variety of quenching procedures in which a quenching medium is maintained at a prescribed temperature above 70 °C (160 °F) 一個不精確的術(shù)語，用于涵蓋各種淬火程序，其中淬火介質(zhì)規(guī)定溫度保持在70°C（160°F）以上。 |
| Total combustion air (Unit kg/s) | 總?cè)紵諝猓▎挝唬簁g/s） |
1. The combination of the stoichiometric flow of air required for combustion together with any excess air. 2. The flow of fresh air into a boiler plus any flue gas recirculated. 1.燃燒所需的化學(xué)計量空氣流與任何過量空氣的組合。2.進入鍋爐的新鮮空氣流加上再循環(huán)的任何煙氣。 |
| Ratchet marks | 棘輪痕 |
Lines on a fatigue fracture surface that result from the intersection and connection of fatigue fractures propagating from multiple origins. Ratchet marks are parallel to the overall direction of crack propagation and are visible to the unaided eye or at low magnification. 疲勞斷裂面上由從多個源頭傳播的疲勞斷裂的交叉和連接產(chǎn)生的線。棘輪標(biāo)記與裂紋擴展的整個方向平行，肉眼或低倍鏡下均可看到。 |
| Tightness parameter | 密封參數(shù) |
A dimensionless parameter which defines the mass leakage of a gasket as a functionof contained pressure and a contained fluid constant. 一種無量綱參數(shù)，將墊圈的質(zhì)量泄漏定義為所含壓力和所含流體常數(shù)的函數(shù)。 |
| Vane engine (vane motor) | 葉片發(fā)動機（葉片馬達(dá)） |
A rotary engine in which high-pressure hydraulic fluid in the spaces between spring-loaded sliding vanes held in an offset rotor acts on the vanes, causing the rotor to revolve within a cylinder. The design is much like a sliding-vane compressor, as is that of a vane pump, used to pump liquids. 一種旋轉(zhuǎn)式發(fā)動機，其中偏置轉(zhuǎn)子中裝有彈簧的滑動葉片之間的高壓液壓流體作用在葉片上，使轉(zhuǎn)子在氣缸內(nèi)旋轉(zhuǎn)。這種設(shè)計很像滑動葉片壓縮機，就像用于泵送液體的葉片泵一樣。 |
| Right hand thread | 右旋螺紋 |
A screw thread which advances into the mating part when turned clockwise or to the right. 順時針或向右轉(zhuǎn)動時進入配合部件的螺紋。 |
| Compression wave | 壓縮波 |
(dilatation wave) In a fluid or a solid, a progressive wave or wavefront that compresses the medium through which it propagates. （膨脹波）在流體或固體中，壓縮介質(zhì)傳播的行波或波前。 |
| Acceleration due to gravity | 重力加速度 |
(acceleration of free fall, gravitational acceleration, g) (Unit m/s2) The acceleration of a freely-falling body in a vacuum, with a mean value at sea level of approximately 9.81 m/s2. （自由落體加速度，重力加速度，g）（單位m/s2）自由落體在真空中的加速度，在海平面處的平均值約為9.81m/s2。 |
| Turbulent flow (turbulence) | 湍流 |
Fluid motion characterized by disorderly, rotational (i.e. vortical) three-dimensional velocity fluctuations covering a wide range of frequency and length scales. The pressure, temperature, and other fluid properties also fluctuate and the diffusion of heat, mass, and momentum is greatly enhanced. As are laminar and transitional flow, turbulent flow of a Newtonian fluid is governed by the Navier–Stokes equations which can in principle be solved by direct numerical simulation (DNS) in which all time and length scales of the fluctuating motion are resolved. 流體運動的特點是無序、旋轉(zhuǎn)（即旋渦）三維速度波動，覆蓋廣泛的頻率和長度尺度。壓力、溫度和其他流體特性也會波動，熱、質(zhì)量和動量的擴散會大大增強。與層流和過渡流一樣，牛頓流體的湍流由Navier-Stokes方程控制，該方程原則上可以通過直接數(shù)值模擬（DNS）求解，在直接數(shù)值模擬中，波動運動的所有時間和長度尺度都可以求解。 |
| Dilatometer | 膨脹計 |
An instrument for measuring length or volume changes in a solid during heating and subsequent cooling or isothermal holding. · An instrument for measuring the linear expansion or contraction in a metal resulting from changes in such factors as temperature and allotropy. 一種在加熱和隨后的冷卻或等溫保持過程中測量固體長度或體積變化，測量金屬因溫度和同素異形體等因素的變化而引起的線性膨脹或收縮的儀器。 |
| Taper key | 楔鍵 |
A key with parallel sides but tapering cross section along its length. 邊平行但橫截面沿其長度逐漸變細(xì)的鍵。 |
| Radial engine | 徑向發(fā)動機 |
A piston engine in which the cylinders are arranged radially around the crankshaft, a design commonly used in early aircraft engines. 氣缸沿徑向圍繞曲軸布置的活塞式發(fā)動機，這種設(shè)計通常用于早期飛機發(fā)動機。 |
| Ackerman linkage | 阿克曼裝置 |
A steering linkage on a motor vehicle that approximately gives rolling without slipping of both wheels about the turning point. This is achieved by having the inner stub axle (on the inside of the turning curve) move through a greater angle than the outer stub axle. 機動車輛上的一種轉(zhuǎn)向聯(lián)動裝置，在轉(zhuǎn)向點附近兩個車輪幾乎不會打滑。這是通過使內(nèi)短軸（在轉(zhuǎn)彎曲線的內(nèi)側(cè)）比外短軸移動更大的角度來實現(xiàn)的。 |
| Structure | 結(jié)構(gòu)體 |
An assembly, usually load bearing, of connected (pinned, riveted, screwed, bolted, welded, etc.) components, such as bars, tubes, beams, and plates. 由連接（銷接、鉚接、螺紋連接、螺栓連接、焊接等）部件組成的組件，通常為承重組件，如桿、管、梁和板。 |
| Bright nitriding | 光亮氮化 |
Nitriding in a protective medium to prevent discoloration of the bright surface. 在保護介質(zhì)中氮化，以防止光亮表面變色。 |
| Materials science | 材料科學(xué) |
The study of the properties, behaviour, and application of solid substances such as metals, ceramics, glasses, polymers, composites, biomaterials, and semiconductors, at all scales from the atomic to the macroscopic. The topic has its origins in metallurgy. 研究金屬、陶瓷、玻璃、聚合物、復(fù)合材料、生物材料和半導(dǎo)體等固體物質(zhì)的特性、行為和應(yīng)用，涵蓋從原子到宏觀的所有范圍。起源于冶金學(xué)。 |
| Intercritical annealing | 臨界退火 |
Any annealing treatment that involves heating to, and holding at, a temperature between the upper and lower critical temperatures to obtain partial austenitization, followed by either slow cooling or holding at a temperature below the lower critical temperature. 任何退火處理，包括加熱至并保持在上臨界溫度和下臨界溫度之間的溫度，以獲得部分奧氏體化，然后緩慢冷卻或保持在低于下臨界溫度的溫度。 |
| Bolt gage | 螺栓量規(guī) |
An ultrasonic instrument used to measure the stress or strain in bolts. 用于測量螺栓應(yīng)力或應(yīng)變的超聲波儀器。 |
| Relative humidity (?) | 相對濕度（ψ） |
The ratio or percentage of the actual mass of moisture in a given volume of air at a given temperature to the maximum possible mass of moisture at the same temperature. 給定溫度下給定體積空氣中的實際水分質(zhì)量與相同溫度下的最大可能水分質(zhì)量的比率或百分比。 |
| Alternating stress | 交替應(yīng)力 |
?(Unit Pa) Originally, stresses of changing sign (tension-tocompression-to-tension, etc.) in a component produced by alternating forces acting in opposite directions, but now generally used to describe stresses that vary but may keep the same sign, as produced by periodic, out-of–balance, or vibrational loads. （單位Pa）最初，構(gòu)件中由相反方向的交變力產(chǎn)生的符號變化的應(yīng)力（張力到壓縮到張力等），但現(xiàn)在通常用于描述變化但可能保持相同符號的應(yīng)力，如由周期性、失衡或振動載荷產(chǎn)生的應(yīng)力。 |
| Fatigue life (N) | 疲勞壽命（N） |
The number of cycles of stress or strain of a specified character that a given specimen sustains before failure occurs. 給定試樣在失效發(fā)生之前所承受的特定特征的應(yīng)力或應(yīng)變的循環(huán)次數(shù)。 |
| Terminal temperature difference (Unit K) | 終端溫差（單位K） |
The temperature difference between the two fluid streams at either inlet or outlet of a heat exchanger. 熱交換器入口或出口處兩種流體流之間的溫差。 |
| Crushing strain | 壓應(yīng)變 |
The supposed single strain that results in comminution of a brittle material. The corresponding stress is termed the crushing strength. Neither quantity can be a material constant as they must obey the laws of fracture mechanics and will depend on the type of testpiece, method of loading etc. 導(dǎo)致脆性材料粉碎的假定單應(yīng)變。相應(yīng)的應(yīng)力稱為抗壓強度。這兩個量都不能是材料常數(shù)，因為它們必須遵守斷裂力學(xué)定律，并取決于試件類型、加載方法等。 |
| Heat-treatable alloy | 可熱處理合金 |
An alloy that can be hardened by heat treatment. 一種可以通過熱處理硬化的合金。 |
| Balance weight | 平衡器 |
A corrective mass used in the static or dynamic balancing of a rotating object. 用于旋轉(zhuǎn)物體的靜態(tài)或動態(tài)平衡的校正質(zhì)量。 |
| Friction | 摩擦 |
The resistance that a body encounters when sliding over another body, or experiences when a viscous fluid flows over its surface. 一個物體在另一個物體上滑動時遇到的阻力，或者當(dāng)粘性流體流過其表面時所經(jīng)歷的阻力。 |
| Critical crack length (Unit m) | 臨界裂紋長度（單位米） |
The crack length at which a given stress applied to a body will result in crack propagation and fracture. 施加到物體上的給定應(yīng)力將導(dǎo)致裂紋擴展和斷裂的裂紋長度。 |
| Radial-flow compressor | 離心式壓縮機 |
A compressor in which the working gas enters the machine axially and is compressed as it flows radially out through the impeller. 一種壓縮機，其中工作氣體軸向進入機器，并在通過葉輪徑向流出時被壓縮。 |
| Thumb screw | 蝶形螺釘 |
A type of screw having a winged or knurled head for turning by hand when a quick and light clamping effect is desired. 一種螺釘，具有翼形或滾花頭，當(dāng)需要快速、輕夾緊效果時，可手動轉(zhuǎn)動。 |
| Pressure recovery (Unit Pa) | 壓力恢復(fù)（單位Pa） |
The progressive increase in static pressure for unseparated flow through a diverging nozzle or diffuser. 通過發(fā)散噴嘴或擴散器的未分離流的靜壓逐漸增加。 |
| Coherent structure | 相干結(jié)構(gòu) |
A term given to the larger eddies of turbulent shear flow, such as boundary layers, jets, and wakes, that show distinctive correlated patterns of motion. 一個術(shù)語，用于表示湍流剪切流的較大渦流，例如邊界層、射流和尾流，它們顯示出獨特的相關(guān)運動模式。 |
| Aspect ratio | 縱橫比 |
The ratio of the longest to the shortest dimension of a shape or object e.g. the chord-to-thickness ratio of an aerofoil or the span-to-chord ratio of a wing. 形狀或物體的最長與最短尺寸之比，例如機翼的弦厚比或機翼的翼展弦比。 |
| Pin or mandrel | 銷或心軸 |
In bend testing, the plunger or tool used in making semiguided, guided, or wrap-around tests to apply the bending force to the inside surface of the bend. In free bends or semiguided bends to an angle of180°, a shim or block of the proper thickness may be placed between the legs of the specimen as bending is completed. This shim or block is also referred to as a pin or mandrel. 在彎曲測試中，用于進行半導(dǎo)向、導(dǎo)向或環(huán)繞測試以將彎曲力施加到彎曲內(nèi)表面的柱塞或工具。在180°角的自由彎曲或半導(dǎo)向彎曲中，彎曲完成后，可在試樣支腿之間放置適當(dāng)厚度的墊片或墊塊。該墊片或墊塊也稱為銷或心軸。 |
| Impact strength | 沖擊強度 |
The resiliency or toughness of a solid as measured by impact energy. 用沖擊能量測量的固體的彈性或韌性。 |
| Diffusion coefficient | 擴散系數(shù) |
A factor of proportionality representing the amount of substance diffusing across a unit area through a unit concentration gradient in unit time. 一個比例因子，表示在單位時間內(nèi)通過單位濃度梯度擴散到單位面積上的物質(zhì)量。 |
| Eutectoid | 共析 |
(1) An isothermal reversible reaction in which a solid solution is converted into two or more intimately mixed solids on cooling, the number of solids formed being the same as the number of components in the system. (2) An alloy having the composition indicated by the eutectoid point on an equilibrium diagram. (3) An alloy structure of intermixed solid constituents formed by a eutectoid reaction. （1）一種等溫可逆反應(yīng)，其中固溶體在冷卻時轉(zhuǎn)化為兩種或兩種以上緊密混合的固體，形成的固體數(shù)量與系統(tǒng)中組分的數(shù)量相同。（2）具有平衡圖上共析點所示成分的合金。（3）由共析反應(yīng)形成的混合固體成分的合金結(jié)構(gòu)。 |
| Progressive aging | 漸進時效 |
Aging by increasing the temperature in steps or continuously during the aging cycle. 通過在時效周期中逐步或連續(xù)升高溫度進行增加時效。 |
| Air conditioning | 空調(diào) |
The process of controlling the temperature and humidity in rooms, buildings, aircraft, passenger vehicles, etc. More generally it includes control of dust, levels of radiant heat, etc. 控制房間、建筑物、飛機、客運車輛等的溫度和濕度的過程。更一般地說，它包括控制灰塵、輻射熱水平等。 |
| Hypoeutectic alloy | 亞共晶合金 |
In an alloy system exhibiting a eutectic, any alloy whose composition has an excess of base metal compared with the eutectic composition, and whose equilibrium microstructure contains some eutectic structure. 在呈現(xiàn)共晶的合金系統(tǒng)中，其成分比共晶成分多的任何合金，其平衡微觀結(jié)構(gòu)包含一些共晶結(jié)構(gòu)。 |
| Inch (in) | 英寸（in） |
A non-SI unit of length now defined as 25.4 mm. The conversion to SI is 1 in = 2.54 × 10?2?m. 現(xiàn)在定義為25.4毫米的非SI長度單位。轉(zhuǎn)換為SI為1in=2.54×10-2m。 |
| Ultimate strength | 極限應(yīng)力 |
The maximum tensile strength a bolt or material can support prior to rupture. Always found in the plastic region of the stress–strain or force–elongation curve, and so is not a design strength. Also called Tensile strength and ultimate tensile strength. The maximum stress (tensile, compressive, or shear) a material can sustain without fracture, determined by dividing maximum load by the original cross-sectional area of the specimen. Also known as nominal strength or maximum strength. 螺栓或材料在斷裂前可支撐的最大抗拉強度。總是出現(xiàn)在應(yīng)力-應(yīng)變或力-伸長率曲線的塑性區(qū)域，因此不是設(shè)計強度。也稱為抗拉強度和極限抗拉強度。材料在不斷裂的情況下能夠承受的最大應(yīng)力（拉伸、壓縮或剪切），通過將最大載荷除以試樣的原始橫截面積來確定。也稱為標(biāo)稱強度或最大強度。 |
| Austenitizing | 奧氏體化 |
Forming austenite by heating a ferrous alloy into the transformation range (partial austenitizing) or above the transformation range (complete austenitizing). When used without qualification, the term implies complete austenitizing. 通過將鐵合金加熱到轉(zhuǎn)變范圍（部分奧氏體化）或高于轉(zhuǎn)變范圍（完全奧氏體化）來形成奧氏體。當(dāng)不加限定地使用時，該術(shù)語意味著完全奧氏體化。 |
| Percent error | 誤差百分比 |
For testing machines, the ratio, expressed as a percentage, of the error to the correct value of the applied load. 對于試驗機，以百分比表示的誤差與所施加載荷的正確值之比。 |
| Aging treatment | 時效處理 |
Heat treatment aimed at age hardening; it comprises solution and precipitation treatments. 針對時效硬化的熱處理；它包括溶液和沉淀處理。 |
| Laser sintering | 激光燒結(jié) |
A manufacturing technique by which parts are built layer by layer (each typically 20 μm thick) from plastic or metal (Direct Metal Laser Sintering, DMLS) material in powder form, each layer being sintered by a scanning laser. 一種制造技術(shù)，通過這種制造技術(shù)，零件由粉末形式的塑料或金屬（直接金屬激光燒結(jié)，DMLS）材料逐層（每個厚度通常為 20 微米）構(gòu)建，每一層都由掃描激光燒結(jié)。 |
| Annealing twin | 退火孿晶 |
A twin form in a crystal during recrystallization. 重結(jié)晶過程中晶體中的孿晶形式。 |
| Submerged-electrode furnace | 浸入式電極爐 |
A furnace used for liquid carburizing of parts by heating molten salt baths with the use of electrodes submerged in the ceramic lining. 一種通過使用浸入陶瓷襯里中的電極加熱熔融鹽浴對零件進行液體滲碳的爐。 |
| Archimedes Wave Swing | 阿基米德波擺動 |
A machine for tidal-power energy generation consisting of two concentric, air-filled submerged cylinders. The inner lower cylinder is tethered to the ocean floor while the upper floater unit, which is closed at the top, moves up and down due to the variations in hydrostatic pressure caused by the wave motion. The relative movement of the two cylinders is used to generate electricity in which linear motion replaces the more common rotary motion of an electromagnetic generator. 一種用于潮汐能發(fā)電的機器，由兩個同心的充氣水下氣缸組成。內(nèi)部下部圓柱體系在海底，而頂部封閉的上部浮子單元由于波浪運動引起的靜水壓力變化而上下移動。兩個氣缸的相對運動用于發(fā)電，其中直線運動取代了電磁發(fā)電機更常見的旋轉(zhuǎn)運動。 |
| Zero-gravity | 零重力 |
The situation in which there is no force of gravity (i.e. weightlessness). 沒有重力的情況（即失重）。 |
| Crest clearance (Unit m) | 頂隙（單位米） |
For screw threads and gearing, the radial clearance between the crest of a thread (or gear) and the root of the engaging thread (or gear). 對于螺紋和齒輪，螺紋（或齒輪）的頂部與嚙合螺紋（或齒輪）的根部之間的徑向間隙。 |
| Cleavage | 分裂 |
The tendency of a material to cleave or split along definite crystallographic planes. 材料沿特定晶面劈裂或分裂的趨勢。 |
| Absorption | 吸收 |
The process whereby a fluid permeates a porous solid, or a gas is dissolved by a liquid. 流體滲透多孔固體或氣體被液體溶解的過程。 |
| Transmission dynamometer | 傳動測功機 |
A dynamometer in which the power transmitted by a shaft is obtained from the product of its rotation speed and the torque determined from measured shear strains along the shaft. 一種測功機，其中軸傳遞的功率由其轉(zhuǎn)速和扭矩的乘積獲得，扭矩由沿軸測得的剪切應(yīng)變確定。 |
| Supercooling | 過冷 |
Cooling below the temperature at which an equilibrium phase transformation can take place, without actually obtaining the transformation. 在沒有實際獲得相變的情況下，冷卻到可以發(fā)生平衡相變的溫度以下。 |
| Total head (hT) (Unit m) | 總水頭（hT）（單位：m） |
Total pressure pT expressed in terms of the vertical height of a column of liquid, typically water or mercury, i.e. hT?= pT/ρg where g is the acceleration due to gravity and ρ is the liquid density. 總壓力pT以液體柱（通常為水或汞）的垂直高度表示，即hT=pT/ρg，其中g(shù)為重力加速度，ρ為液體密度。 |
| Heat-capacity ratio (c*) | 熱容量比（c*） |
A non-dimensional parameter that arises in the analysis of heat exchangers, defined as the ratio cMIN/cMAX?where cMIN?is the heat-capacity rate c for the fluid with the smaller value of c and cMAX?the value for the fluid with the larger value of c. Different flow rates and specific-heat values give rise to different values for c. 熱交換器分析中出現(xiàn)的無量綱參數(shù)，定義為比率cMIN/cMAX其中cMIN是流體的熱容率c，c值較小，cMAX是流體的值具有較大的c值。不同的流速和比熱值產(chǎn)生不同的c值。 |
| Bend test | 彎曲試驗 |
A test for determining the relative ductility of metal that is to be formed (usually sheet, strip, plate, or wire) or for determining soundness and toughness of metal (after welding, for example). The specimen is usually repeatedly bent over a specified diameter through a specified angle and then unbent for a specified number of cycles. There are four general types of bend tests, named according to the manner in which the forces are applied to the specimen to make the bend: free bend, guided bend, semiguided bend, and wrap-around bend. 確定待成形金屬（通常為薄板、帶材、板材或線材）的相對延展性或確定金屬的堅固性和韌性（例如，焊接后）的試驗。試樣通常在規(guī)定的直徑上重復(fù)彎曲一個規(guī)定的角度，然后在規(guī)定的循環(huán)次數(shù)內(nèi)彎曲。彎曲試驗有四種一般類型，根據(jù)施加在試樣上的力進行彎曲的方式命名：自由彎曲、引導(dǎo)彎曲、半引導(dǎo)彎曲和環(huán)繞彎曲。 |
| Dead load (Unit N) | 靜載（單位N） |
A load on a component or structure that is steady with time, e.g. the self-weight of a bridge. 部件或結(jié)構(gòu)上隨時間穩(wěn)定的載荷，例如橋梁的自重。 |
| Effective yield strength | 有效屈服強度 |
An assumed value of uniaxial yield strength that represents the influence of plastic yielding on fracture test parameters. 單軸屈服強度的假設(shè)值，代表塑性屈服對斷裂試驗參數(shù)的影響。 |
| Abrasion | 磨損 |
The removal of surface material by the scratching action of hard particles, either deliberately (abrasive papers, abrasive cleaning, abrasive machining) or as a consequence of operation (wear). 通過硬質(zhì)顆粒的刮擦作用去除表面材料，可以是故意的（砂紙、研磨清潔、研磨加工），也可以是操作的結(jié)果（磨損）。 |
| Elastic limit | 彈性極限 |
The maximum stress which a material is capable of sustaining without any permanent strain (deformation) remaining on complete release of the stress. 材料在完全釋放應(yīng)力時能夠承受的最大應(yīng)力，且不會留下任何永久應(yīng)變（變形）。 |
| R-curve/Resistance curve | 阻力曲線 |
In linear-elastic fracture mechanics, a plot of crack-extension resistance as a function of stable crack extension, which is either the difference between the physical crack size, or the effective crack size, and the original crack size. R-curves normally depend on specimen thickness and, for some materials, on temperature and strain rate. An increase in fracture toughness with crack propagation shown by rising plots of toughness vs growing crack length. 在線彈性斷裂力學(xué)中，作為穩(wěn)定裂紋擴展函數(shù)的裂紋擴展阻力圖，即物理裂紋尺寸或有效裂紋尺寸與原始裂紋尺寸之間的差值。R曲線通常取決于試樣厚度，對于某些材料，還取決于溫度和應(yīng)變率。是隨著裂紋擴展，斷裂韌性增加，表現(xiàn)為韌性與擴展裂紋長度的上升曲線。 |
| Guided bend | 導(dǎo)向彎曲 |
The bend obtained by use of a plunger to force the specimen into a die in order to produce the desired contour of the outside and inside surfaces of the specimen. 通過使用柱塞將試樣壓入模具中獲得的彎曲，以產(chǎn)生試樣外表面和內(nèi)表面所需的輪廓。 |
| Horsepower | 馬力 |
Unit indicating the rate at which work is done. The electrical equivalent of one horsepower is 746 watts. 單位表示完成工作的速率。一馬力的電當(dāng)量為746瓦。 |
| Minimum load (Pmin) | 最小負(fù)載（Pmin） |
In fatigue, the least algebraic value of applied load in a cycle. 在疲勞中，循環(huán)中施加載荷的最小代數(shù)值。 |
| Mohs scale | 莫氏硬度 |
A scale of scratch hardness originally developed for minerals. 最初為礦物開發(fā)的劃痕硬度標(biāo)尺。 |
| Strain-age embrittlement | 應(yīng)變時效脆化 |
A loss in ductility accompanied by an increase in hardness and strength that occurs when low-carbon steel (especially rimmed or capped steel) is aged following plastic deformation. The degree of embrittlement is a function of aging time and temperature, occurring in a matter of minutes at about 200°C (400 °F), but requiring a few hours to a year at room temperature. 塑性變形后低碳鋼（尤其是邊緣鋼或封頂鋼）時效時發(fā)生的延展性損失，伴隨著硬度和強度的增加。脆化程度是老化時間和溫度的函數(shù)，在大約200°C（400°F）的溫度下，在幾分鐘內(nèi)發(fā)生，但在室溫下需要幾小時到一年。 |
| Vapour static pressure | 蒸汽靜壓 |
(Unit Pa or bar) A pressure analogous to hydrostatic pressure, where the fluid is a vapour such as steam. A term used in geothermal applications. （單位Pa或bar）類似于靜水壓力的壓力，其中流體是蒸汽，如蒸汽。地?zé)釕?yīng)用中使用的術(shù)語。 |
| Thermodynamic state | 熱力學(xué)狀態(tài) |
The condition of a system or working fluid according to its properties. 系統(tǒng)或工作流體根據(jù)其性質(zhì)的狀態(tài)。 |
| Impact testing | 沖擊測試 |
Determination of the mechanical properties of materials under high-rate conditions. Often determined from the behaviour of a testpiece when struck by a pendulum or a weight falling from a known height, or when sandwiched between two Hopkinson bars. 在高速條件下測定材料的機械性能。通常根據(jù)測試件在被鐘擺撞擊或從已知高度墜落的重物或夾在兩個霍普金森棒之間時的行為來確定。 |
| Maximum stress-intensity factor (Kmax) | 最大應(yīng)力強度因子（Kmax） |
The maximum value of the stress-intensity factorin a fatigue cycle. 疲勞循環(huán)中應(yīng)力強度因子的最大值。 |
| Angstr?m (?) | 昂斯特羅姆（?） |
An obsolete (non-SI) unit of length, sometimes still employed for atomic and crystallographic measurements. The conversion to SI is 1 ? = 10?10?m. 一種已被淘汰的（非SI）長度單位，有時仍用于原子和晶體學(xué)測量。轉(zhuǎn)換為SI為1?=10-10m。 |
| Cold extrusion | 冷擠壓 |
In simplest terms, cold extrusion can be defined as the forcing of unheated metal to flow through a shape-forming die. It is a method of shaping metal by plastically deforming it under compression at room temperature while the metal is within a die cavity formed by the tools. The metal issues from the die in at least one direction with the desired cross-sectional contour, as permitted by the orifice created by the tools. Cold extrusion is always performed at a temperature well below the recrystallization temperature of the metal (about 1100 to 1300 degrees F. for steel) so that work-hardening always occurs. In hot extrusion, recrystallization eliminates the effects of work-hardening, unless rapid cooling of the extrusion prevents recrystallization from being completed. 用簡單的術(shù)語來說，冷擠壓可以定義為迫使未加熱的金屬流過成形模具。這是一種通過在室溫下壓縮使金屬塑性變形來成形金屬的方法，同時金屬處于由工具形成的模腔中。金屬至少在一個方向上從模具中流出，并具有所需的橫截面輪廓，這是由工具產(chǎn)生的孔口所允許的。冷擠壓總是在遠(yuǎn)低于金屬再結(jié)晶溫度的溫度下進行（鋼約1100至1300華氏度），因此總是發(fā)生加工硬化。在熱擠壓中，再結(jié)晶消除了加工硬化的影響，除非擠壓的快速冷卻阻止再結(jié)晶完成。 |
| Relaxation curve | 松弛曲線 |
A plot of either the remaining, or relaxed, stress as a function of time. 剩余壓力或松弛壓力隨時間變化的曲線圖。 |
| Inch-pound force/inch2 | 英寸磅力/英寸2 |
A non-SI unit for the specific work of fracture (fracture toughness). The conversion to SI is 1 in.lbf/in2?= 1.751 268 × 102?J/m2. 用于特定斷裂功（斷裂韌性）的非國際單位制單位。到SI的轉(zhuǎn)換為1英寸。lbf/in2=1.751268×102J/m2。 |
| Atmosphere | 大氣 |
1. (atm) An obsolete (non-SI) unit of pressure equal to 101 325 Pa or 1.013 25 bar and approximately equal to the atmospheric pressure (barometric pressure) measured at mean sea level. 1.（atm）一種已被淘汰的（非SI）壓力單位，等于101325Pa或1.01325bar，大約等于在平均海平面測量的大氣壓力（大氣壓）。 |
| Torque wrench | 扭矩扳手 |
A manual wrench which incorporates a gage or measuring apparatus of some sort to measure and display the amount of torque being delivered to the nut or bolt. All wrenches produce torque. Only a torque wrench tells how much torque. A socket wrench or ring spanner that can be set to allow a specific torque to be applied to a nut or bolt head. 一種手動扳手，包括某種量規(guī)或測量裝置，用于測量和顯示傳遞至螺母或螺栓的扭矩量。所有扳手都產(chǎn)生扭矩。只有扭矩扳手才能顯示扭矩大小。一種套筒扳手或梅花扳手，可設(shè)置為允許對螺母或螺栓頭施加特定扭矩。 |
| Slug | 猛擊 |
1. A starting workpiece for forging and similar operations, such as a length of wire or rod to make a bolt blank on which a thread can be rolled or cut. 2. (geepound) An obsolete imperial (non-SI) unit of mass, being the mass which under an acceleration of one foot per second squared gives a force of one pound-force. The conversion to SI is 1 slug = 14.593 902 94 kg. 3. A large-scale flow structure which occurs in the transition from laminar to turbulent flow in a pipe. 1.一種用于鍛造和類似操作的起始工件，如用于制造螺栓毛坯的一段線材或棒材，在該毛坯上可以軋制或切割螺紋。2.（吉磅）一種已被淘汰的英制（非國際單位制）質(zhì)量單位，在一英尺/秒平方加速度下產(chǎn)生一磅力的質(zhì)量。轉(zhuǎn)化為SI國際單位制的轉(zhuǎn)化率為1slug=14.59390294kg。3.一種大規(guī)模流動結(jié)構(gòu)，其發(fā)生在管道中從層流到湍流的過渡中。 |
| Creep rupture strength (Unit Pa) | 蠕變斷裂強度（單位Pa） |
The fracture stress at the end of a creep test in metals and polymers, often plotted against time to give a stress-rupture curve. 金屬和聚合物蠕變試驗結(jié)束時的斷裂應(yīng)力，通常與時間作圖以給出應(yīng)力-斷裂曲線。 |
| Scuffing | 擦傷 |
A form of adhesive wear that produces superficial scratches or a high polish on the rubbing surfaces. It is observed most often on inadequately lubricated parts. 粘著磨損的一種形式，在摩擦表面上產(chǎn)生表面劃痕或高度拋光。通常在潤滑不足的零件上觀察到。 |
| Flame annealing | 火焰退火 |
Annealing in which the heat is applied directly by a flame. 通過火焰直接加熱的退火。 |
| Pulse | 脈沖 |
An increase or decrease in the magnitude of a physical quantity, such as pressure, voltage, or force, with a time scale short compared with other time scales in a process, after which there is a return to the original level. 物理量的大小的增加或減少，如壓力、電壓或力，與過程中的其他時間尺度相比，時間尺度較短，之后返回到原始水平。 |
| Compressometer | 壓力計 |
Instrument for measuring change in length over a given gage length caused by application or removal of a force. Commonly used in compression testing of metal specimens. 用于測量在給定標(biāo)距上由施加或移除力引起的長度變化的儀器。常用于金屬試樣的壓縮試驗。 |
| Thermodynamic properties | 熱力學(xué)性質(zhì) |
Temperature, pressure, and the intensive properties that define the state of a working fluid: specific internal energy, specific enthalpy and specific entropy. 溫度、壓力和定義工作流體狀態(tài)的密集屬性：比內(nèi)能、比焓和比熵。 |
| Martempering | 淬火 |
(1) A hardening procedure in which an austenitized ferrous workpiece is quenched into an appropriate medium whose temperature is maintained substantially at the Ms?of the workpiece, held in the medium until its temperature is uniform throughout–but not long enough to permit bainite to form–and then cooled in air. The treatment is frequently followed by tempering. (2) When the process is applied to carburized material, the controlling Ms?temperature is that of the case. This variation of the process is frequently called marquenching. （1）一種淬火工藝，將奧氏體化鐵質(zhì)工件淬火到適當(dāng)?shù)慕橘|(zhì)中，該介質(zhì)的溫度基本保持在工件的Ms，保持在該介質(zhì)中直到其溫度在整個過程中均勻，但不足以形成貝氏體，然后在空氣中冷卻。處理后經(jīng)常進行回火。（2） 當(dāng)該工藝應(yīng)用于滲碳材料時，控制Ms溫度與實際情況相同。這個過程的變化經(jīng)常被稱為淬火。 |
| Size effect | 尺寸效應(yīng) |
Effect of the dimensions of a piece of metal on its mechanical and other properties and on manufacturing variables such as forging reduction and heat treatment. In general, the mechanical properties are lower for a larger size. 金屬件的尺寸對其機械和其他性能以及對制造變量（如鍛造、壓下和熱處理）的影響。一般來說，尺寸越大，機械性能越低。 |
| Fatigue limit | 疲勞極限 |
The maximum stress that presumably leads to fatigue fracture in a specified number of stress cycles. The value of the maximum stress and the stress ratio also should be stated. Compare with endurance limit. 在指定數(shù)量的應(yīng)力循環(huán)中可能導(dǎo)致疲勞斷裂的最大應(yīng)力。還應(yīng)說明最大應(yīng)力值和應(yīng)力比。與耐力極限比較。 |
| Compressive stress (Unit Pa) | 壓縮應(yīng)力（單位Pa） |
The compressive load per unit area at a point in a component. 部件中某點的每單位面積的壓縮載荷。 |
| Deviation | 偏差 |
The difference between the actual value and the desired value of a controlled variable. 受控變量的實際值與期望值之間的差值。 |
| Screw displacement | 螺桿位移 |
A rotation of a rigid body about an axis accompanied by a translation of the body along the same axis. 剛體繞軸旋轉(zhuǎn)，同時剛體沿同一軸平移。 |
| Corrosion fatigue | 腐蝕疲勞 |
Cracking produced by the combined action of repeated or fluctuating stress and a corrosive environment at lower stress levels or fewer cycles than would be required in the absence of a corrosive environment. 由重復(fù)或波動的應(yīng)力和腐蝕環(huán)境的聯(lián)合作用產(chǎn)生的開裂，其應(yīng)力水平低于沒有腐蝕環(huán)境時所需的應(yīng)力水平或循環(huán)次數(shù)更少。 |
| Belt furnace | 帶式爐 |
A continuous-type furnace which uses a mesh-type or cast-link belt to carry parts through the furnace. 一種連續(xù)式爐，它使用網(wǎng)狀或鑄造鏈帶將零件運送通過爐子。 |
| Rated flow (Unit m3/s or kg/s) | 額定流量（單位：m3/s或kg/s） |
In a hydraulic system or machine, the volume or mass flow rate a manufacturer specifies for a component as the maximum desirable for it to function as designed. 在液壓系統(tǒng)或機器中，制造商為部件指定的體積或質(zhì)量流量是其按設(shè)計運行所需的最大值。 |
| Fog quenching | 霧淬 |
Quenching in a fine vapor or mist. 在細(xì)蒸汽或薄霧中淬火。 |
| Stress equalizing | 應(yīng)力均衡 |
A low-temperature heat treatment used to balance stresses in cold-worked material without an appreciable decrease in the mechanical strength produced by cold working. 一種低溫?zé)崽幚恚糜谄胶饫浼庸げ牧现械膽?yīng)力，而不會明顯降低冷加工產(chǎn)生的機械強度。 |
| Magnetic test | 磁性測試 |
Method used to test heat extraction rates of various quenchants. The test works by utilizing the change in magnetic properties of metals at their Curie point–the temperature above which metals lose their magnetism. 用于測試各種淬火劑的熱提取率的方法。該測試通過利用金屬在居里點（即金屬失去磁性的溫度）的磁性變化來進行。 |
| Gravity | 重力 |
The attractive force by which bodies are drawn towards the centre of Earth or other celestial object. Its intensity is measured by the acceleration produced. The gravitational force of attraction at the surface of a planet or other celestial body. The Earth’s gravity produces an acceleration of around 9.8m/s2 for any unsupported body. 物體被拉向地球中心或其他天體的吸引力，行星或其他天體表面的引力。它的強度是通過產(chǎn)生的加速度來衡量的，對于任何無支撐的物體，地球的重力都會產(chǎn)生大約9.8m/s2的加速度。 |
| Helical spring | 螺旋彈簧 |
A spring manufactured by forming elastic wire into a helix which may be cylindrical, conical, barrel-shaped, or hourglass in overall form. Closed-coiled springs are used in tension; open-coiled in both tension and compression. 一種彈簧，通過將彈性線材制成螺旋形而制成，螺旋形的整體形狀可以是圓柱形、圓錐形、桶形或沙漏形。拉力采用閉合盤簧；在拉伸和壓縮中都開卷。 |
| Minimum material condition | 最小材料條件 |
(minimum metal condition) The situation where the volume of a manufactured component corresponds to the lower limit of all toleranced external dimensions and to the upper limit for all internal dimensions. （最小金屬條件）制造部件的體積對應(yīng)于所有公差外部尺寸的下限和所有內(nèi)部尺寸的上限的情況。 |
| Structural frame | 結(jié)構(gòu)框架 |
The underlying load-bearing framework of beams, columns, bracing, etc., of steel, concrete, brick, stone, timber etc., required to support the static and dynamic forces a building or component is subjected to, including its weight and that of its contents. 由鋼、混凝土、磚、石、木材等制成的梁、柱、支撐等構(gòu)成的底層承重框架，用于支撐建筑物或構(gòu)件承受的靜態(tài)和動態(tài)力，包括其重量及其內(nèi)含物的重量。 |
| Preload relaxation | 預(yù)載松弛 |
Local yielding, due to excess bearing stress under nuts and bolt heads (caused by high local spots, rough surface finish, and lack of perfect squareness of bolt and nut bearing surfaces), may result in preload relaxation after preloads are first applied to a bolt. 由于螺母和螺栓頭下的軸承應(yīng)力過大（由局部斑點高、表面粗糙以及螺栓和螺母軸承表面缺乏完美的方正度造成），局部屈服可能會在首次向螺栓施加預(yù)載荷后導(dǎo)致預(yù)載荷松弛。 |
| Double aging | 雙級時效 |
Employment of two different aging treatments to control the type of precipitate formed from a supersaturated matrix in order to obtain the desired properties. The first aging treatment, sometimes referred to as intermediate or stabilizing, is usually carried out at higher temperature than the second. 采用兩種不同的時效處理來控制由過飽和基質(zhì)形成的沉淀物類型，以獲得所需的性能。第一次時效處理，有時稱為中間處理或穩(wěn)定處理，通常在比第二次更高的溫度下進行。 |
| Biaxial stress | 雙軸應(yīng)力 |
Generalized loading of a body in a single plane with no loading normal to it. 物體在一個平面內(nèi)的廣義載荷，沒有垂直于它的載荷。 |
| Torsion test | 扭力測試 |
A test designed to provide data for the calculation of the shear modulus, modulus of rupture in torsion, and yield strength in shear. 為計算剪切模量、扭轉(zhuǎn)斷裂模量和剪切屈服強度而設(shè)計的試驗。 |
| Shell hardening | 殼型硬化 |
A surface-hardening process in which a suitable steel workpiece, when heated through and quench hardened, develops a martensitic layer or shell that closely follows the contour of the piece and surrounds a core of essentially pearlitic transformation product. This result is accomplished by a proper balance among section size, steel hardenability, and severity of quench. 一種表面硬化工藝，在該工藝中，合適的鋼工件在加熱和淬火硬化后，會形成一層馬氏體層或殼，該層或殼緊隨工件的輪廓，并包圍一個基本上為珠光體相變產(chǎn)物的核心。這一結(jié)果通過截面尺寸、鋼淬透性和淬火強度之間的適當(dāng)平衡來實現(xiàn)。 |
| Thermal energy (heat energy) (Unit J) | 熱能（單位：J） |
The sensible and latent forms of internal energy. 內(nèi)能的感知和潛在形式。 |
| Turbocharging | 渦輪增壓 |
A method of supercharging in which the hot exhaust gas from a piston engine is used to drive a turbine which powers the supercharging compressor. A turbocharger is the turbine/compressor combination. The compressor is usually of radial outflow design while radial, axial, and mixed-flow turbines are all in use. The wastegate is a valve that reduces the flow of exhaust gas into the turbine to limit the boost produced or overspeeding. Not shown in the diagram are bearings, oil passages, etc. 一種增壓方法，其中活塞發(fā)動機的熱廢氣用于驅(qū)動渦輪，渦輪為增壓壓縮機提供動力。渦輪增壓器是渦輪/壓縮機組合。壓縮機通常為徑向流出設(shè)計，而徑向、軸向和混流式渦輪機都在使用。廢氣旁通閥是一種減少進入渦輪的廢氣流量以限制產(chǎn)生的增壓或超速的閥。 |
| Continuous precipitation | 連續(xù)沉淀 |
Precipitation from a supersaturated solid solution in which the precipitate particles grow by longrange diffusion without recrystallization of the matrix. Continuous precipitates grow from nuclei distributed more or less uniformly throughout the matrix. They usually are randomly oriented, but may form a Widmanst?tten structure. 來自過飽和固溶體的沉淀，其中沉淀顆粒通過長程擴散生長而無需基質(zhì)再結(jié)晶。連續(xù)析出物從在整個基體中或多或少均勻分布的核生長而來。它們通常是隨機取向的，但可能形成魏氏結(jié)構(gòu)。 |
| Bias pressure (Unit Pa) | 偏壓（單位Pa） |
In a fluidic device controlled by pressure difference, the magnitude of that difference. 在由壓力差控制的流體裝置中，該差值的大小。 |
| Rupture stress | 斷裂應(yīng)力 |
The stress at failure. Also known as breaking stress. 失效時的應(yīng)力。也稱為破裂應(yīng)力。 |
| Stress amplitude | 應(yīng)力幅值 |
One-half the algebraic difference between the maximum and minimum stress in one cycle of a repetitively varying stress. 重復(fù)變化應(yīng)力的一個循環(huán)中最大和最小應(yīng)力之間代數(shù)差的一半。 |
| Machine tool | 機床工具 |
A powered machine, such as a borer, grinder, lathe, milling machine or planer, used for cutting and shaping metal, plastics, composites, etc. (machining). A machining centre is a CNC machine tool working about several axes, having a stock of tools and automatic tool changing ability, which is capable of diverse machining operations under automated control. 一種動力機器，如鉆孔機、磨床、車床、銑床或刨床，用于切割和成形金屬、塑料、復(fù)合材料等（機加工）。加工中心是圍繞多個軸工作的CNC機床，具有刀具庫存和自動換刀能力，能夠在自動化控制下進行各種加工操作。 |
| Lockbolt | 鎖緊螺栓 |
A fastener which bears a superficial resemblance to a bolt, but which engages a collar (instead of a nut) with annular grooves (instead of threads). The collar is swaged over the grooves on the male fastener to develop preload. 表面上類似于螺栓的緊固件，但與環(huán)槽（而不是螺紋）接合的軸環(huán)（而不是螺母）。套環(huán)在陽緊固件上的凹槽上鍛造，以產(chǎn)生預(yù)緊力。 |
| Pitch-circle diameter (Unit m) | 節(jié)圓直徑（單位：m） |
The diameter of the circle (the pitch circle) centred on a component’s axis, around which holes or bolts are equally spaced. 以部件軸為中心的圓（節(jié)圓）的直徑，孔或螺栓圍繞其等距分布。 |
| Ideal crack | 理想裂縫 |
A simplified model of a crack used in elastic-stress analysis. In a stress-free body, the crack has two smooth surfaces that are coincident and join within the body along a smooth curve called the crack front; in two-dimensional representations, the crack front is called the crack tip. 用于彈性應(yīng)力分析的裂紋簡化模型。在無應(yīng)力物體中，裂紋有兩個光滑表面，它們在物體內(nèi)沿稱為裂紋前緣的平滑曲線重合并連接；在二維表示中，裂紋前緣稱為裂紋尖端。 |
| Cavitation-resistance inducer | 抗氣蝕誘導(dǎo)劑 |
An axial-flow pump used upstream of a main pump in order to prevent cavitation in the latter by increasing the inlet head. 在主泵上游使用的軸流泵，通過增加進口壓頭防止主泵出現(xiàn)氣穴。 |
| Compressive strength | 抗壓強度 |
Maximum compressive stress a material is capable of developing. With a brittle material that fails in compression by fracturing, the compressive strength has a definite value. For ductile, malleable, or semiviscous materials (which do not fail in compression by a shattering fracture), the value obtained for compressive strength is an arbitrary value dependent on the degree of distortion that is regarded as effective failure of the material. 材料能夠產(chǎn)生的最大壓縮應(yīng)力。如果脆性材料因破裂而無法壓縮，則抗壓強度具有一定值。對于韌性、可鍛性或半粘性材料（不會因破裂而導(dǎo)致壓縮失效），獲得的抗壓強度值是一個任意值，取決于被視為材料有效失效的變形程度。 |
| Thermoelectric converter | 熱電轉(zhuǎn)換器 |
(thermoelectric generator) A device consisting of series-connected alternate n- and p-type semiconductor elements sandwiched between two ceramic plates. Due to the Seebeck effect, electrical power is generated when a temperature difference is maintained across the plates. Due to the Peltier effect, a thermoelectric converter can act as either a thermoelectric heater or a thermoelectric cooler (thermoelectric refrigerator) by passing an electrical current through it. The thermoelectric figure of merit (Z), with unit 1/K, is a dimensional parameter on which the efficiency of a thermoelectric device is primarily dependent, defined by Z = σα2/k where α is the Seebeck coefficient, σ is the electrical conductivity, and k is the thermal conductivity. The product of Z and a temperature is non-dimensional. （熱電發(fā)生器）由串聯(lián)連接的交替的n型和p型半導(dǎo)體元件夾在兩塊陶瓷板之間組成的裝置。由于塞貝克效應(yīng)，當(dāng)板之間保持溫差時，就會產(chǎn)生電能。由于珀爾帖效應(yīng)，熱電轉(zhuǎn)換器可以通過使電流通過而充當(dāng)熱電加熱器或熱電冷卻器（熱電制冷機）。熱電優(yōu)值（Z）和第一單元/K是一個尺寸參數(shù)，熱電裝置的效率主要取決于此，由Z=σα2/K定義，其中α是塞貝克系數(shù)，σ是電導(dǎo)率，K是熱導(dǎo)率。Z和溫度的乘積是無量綱的。 |
| Gear wheel | 齒輪 |
Any form of toothed wheel, particularly those having conjugate teeth employed in the transmission of motion and power. 任何形式的齒輪，特別是用于傳遞運動和動力的共軛齒的齒輪。 |
| Toothed belt | 齒帶 |
A flat belt, typically of a reinforced-rubber material, with transverse teeth that engage with teeth on a wheel or pulley. 一種扁平皮帶，通常由增強橡膠材料制成，帶有橫向齒，與車輪或皮帶輪上的齒嚙合。 |
| Verified loading range | 驗證加載范圍 |
For testing machines, the range of indicated loads for which the testing machine gives results within the permissible variation specified. 對于試驗機，試驗機在規(guī)定允許偏差范圍內(nèi)給出結(jié)果的指示載荷范圍。 |
| Morse taper | 莫氏錐度 |
A self holding, standard taper largely used on drilling tools, drilling machine spindles, and some lathes. 一種自持式標(biāo)準(zhǔn)錐度，主要用于鉆孔工具、鉆床主軸和一些車床。 |
| Coextrusion | 復(fù)合擠壓 |
The simultaneous extrusion through the same die of two or more materials in combination. 通過同一模具同時擠出兩種或多種材料的組合。 |
| Maximum continuous load | 最大連續(xù)負(fù)載 |
(maximum continuous rating) (Unit kg/s) The maximum rate of steam output that a boiler can supply for a specified period, usually 24 hours. （最大連續(xù)額定功率）（單位為kg/s）鍋爐在規(guī)定時間內(nèi)（通常為24小時）可供應(yīng)的最大蒸汽輸出率。 |
| Shear strain | 剪切應(yīng)變 |
The tangent of the angular change, as a response to force, between two lines originally perpendicular to each other through a point in a body. Also known as shearing strain. 角變化的切線，作為對力的響應(yīng)，在兩條原本通過物體中的一個點相互垂直的線之間。也稱為剪切應(yīng)變。 |
| DTI | DTI |
Direct tension indicator. A fastener used primarily in the structural steel industry, designed to indicate that a certain minimum amount of tension has been developed in the fastener during assembly. 直接張力指示器。一種主要用于結(jié)構(gòu)鋼行業(yè)的緊固件，旨在表明在裝配過程中緊固件中產(chǎn)生了一定的最小張力。 |
| ASME | ASME |
The American Society of Mechanical Engineers. 美國機械工程師學(xué)會。 |
| Two-stroke engine | 二沖程發(fā)動機 |
(two-cycle engine) A petrol or diesel engine in which an air/fuel charge is introduced through an induction port, compressed and burned, expanded and then exhausted through an exhaust port. The two ports in the cylinder wall are opened and closed by the piston. There are two strokes in each revolution of the crankshaft. In total-loss lubrication petrol engines, the lubricating oil is mixed with the fuel. （雙循環(huán)發(fā)動機）一種汽油或柴油發(fā)動機，其中空氣/燃料通過進氣口引入，壓縮和燃燒，膨脹，然后通過排氣口排出。氣缸壁上的兩個口由活塞打開和關(guān)閉。曲軸每轉(zhuǎn)一圈有兩個沖程。在全失潤滑汽油發(fā)動機中，潤滑油與燃油混合。 |
| Apparent area of contact | 表觀接觸面積 |
In tribology, the area of contact between two solid surfaces defined by the boundaries of their macroscopic interface. 在摩擦學(xué)中，兩個固體表面之間的接觸區(qū)域由其宏觀界面的邊界定義。 |
| Allowable stress | 許用應(yīng)力 |
The maximum stress a designer can assume that the parts will stand. It is always less than the minimum strength of the material. For example, the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code typically specifies an allowable stress that is one-quarter of the service temperature yield strength of the material. This introduces a four-to-one safety factor into the design process and is intended to compensate for uncertainties in estimates of strength, service loads, etc. 設(shè)計師可以假設(shè)零件能夠承受的最大應(yīng)力。它總是小于材料的最小強度。例如，ASME鍋爐和壓力容器規(guī)范通常指定允許應(yīng)力為材料使用溫度屈服強度的四分之一。這在設(shè)計過程中引入了四比一的安全系數(shù)，旨在補償強度、服務(wù)載荷等估計的不確定性。 |
| Delamination | 分層 |
A mode of failure of composite materials, including radial-ply tyres, in which the layers separate due to repeated cyclic loading, impact, or weak bonding. 復(fù)合材料的一種失效模式，包括子午線輪胎，其中層由于重復(fù)的循環(huán)載荷、沖擊或弱粘合而分離。 |
| Fatigue wear | 疲勞磨損 |
Wear of a solid surface caused by fracture arising from material fatigue. 由材料疲勞引起的斷裂引起的固體表面磨損。 |
| Half nut | 半螺母 |
A mechanism attached to the apron of a lathe and operated by a lever. The lever opens and closes a nut that has been split lengthwise so that the two halves of the nut can be closed upon the lead screw when threads are being cut. Also called Split Nut. 固定在車床裙板上并由杠桿操作的機械裝置，杠桿打開和關(guān)閉縱向分開的螺母，以便在切割螺紋時，螺母的兩半可以在絲杠上閉合。也稱為剖分螺母。 |
| Design load (Unit N) | 設(shè)計荷載（單位N） |
The greatest load that a component or structure is expected to experience under normal operating conditions. 部件或結(jié)構(gòu)在正常運行條件下預(yù)期承受的最大負(fù)載。 |
| T-slot | T型槽 |
A recessed or undercut slot made with a special T shaped cutter in the tables of machine tools to receive the square head of a T bolt for clamping workpiece. 在機床工作臺上用一種特殊的T形刀具制成的凹槽或底切槽，用于容納T形螺栓的方頭，用于夾緊工件。 |
| Atmospheric pressure | 氣壓 |
The downward force exerted by the atmosphere because of its weight, (gravitational attraction to the Earth), measured by barometers, and usually expressed in units of millibars. Standard atmospheric pressure at sea level is 1013.25 mb.expressed in units of millibars. Standard atmospheric pressure at sea level is 1013.25 mb. 大氣由于其重量（對地球的引力）而施加的向下的力，用氣壓計測量，通常以毫巴為單位表示。海平面的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)大氣壓為1013.25mb。以毫巴為單位表示。海平面的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)大氣壓為1013.25mb。 |
| Screw pump | 螺桿泵 |
A positive-displacement pump that uses one or more helical rotors rotating within a casing to transfer liquids or slurries. 一種容積式泵，使用一個或多個在外殼內(nèi)旋轉(zhuǎn)的螺旋轉(zhuǎn)子輸送液體或泥漿。 |
| Stabilizing treatment | 穩(wěn)定化處理 |
(1) Before finishing to final dimensions, repeatedly heating a ferrous or nonferrous part to or slightly above its normal operating temperature and then cooling to room temperature to ensure dimensional stability in service. (2) Transforming retained austenite in quenched hardenable steels, usually by cold treatment. (3) Heating a solution-treated stabilized grade of austenitic stainless steel to 870 to 900 °C (1600 to 1650 °F) to precipitate all carbon as TiC, NbC, or TaC so that sensitization is avoided on subsequent exposure to elevated temperature. （1）在精加工至最終尺寸之前，反復(fù)加熱含鐵或非鐵零件至或略高于其正常工作溫度，然后冷卻至室溫，以確保使用中的尺寸穩(wěn)定性。（2）在淬火可淬硬鋼中轉(zhuǎn)變殘余奧氏體，通常通過冷處理。（3）將固溶處理的穩(wěn)定等級奧氏體不銹鋼加熱至870至900°C（1600至1650°F），使所有碳沉淀為TiC、NbC或TaC，從而避免在隨后暴露于高溫時敏化。 |
| Case | 包蓋 |
That portion of a ferrous alloy, extending inward from the surface, whose composition has been altered so that it can be case hardened. Typically considered to be the portion of the alloy (a) whose composition has been measurably altered from the original composition, (b) that appears dark on an etched cross section, or (c) that has a hardness, after hardening, equal to or greater than a specified value. Contrast with core. 鐵合金的一部分，從表面向內(nèi)延伸，其成分已經(jīng)改變，可以進行表面硬化。通常被認(rèn)為是合金的一部分，（a）其成分與原始成分發(fā)生了可測量的變化，（b）在蝕刻橫截面上呈黑色，或（c）硬化后硬度等于或大于規(guī)定值。與核心形成對比。 |
| Scragging machine | 刮擦機 |
1. A machine to test springs by impulsive loading 2. A machine to increase the service life of coil springs by compressing them to their minimum solid length before use, thereby inducing favourable residual stresses. 1.一種通過沖擊載荷測試彈簧的機器2.一種在使用前將螺旋彈簧壓縮至其最小實心長度以提高其使用壽命的機器，從而產(chǎn)生有利的殘余應(yīng)力。 |
| Nonlinear behavior | 非線性行為 |
A fastener or joint system is said to exhibit nonlinear behavior when the relationship between the External load on the joint and deformation of the parts is nonlinear, or when the relationship between increasing Preload and deformation is nonlinear. 當(dāng)接頭上的外部載荷與零件變形之間的關(guān)系是非線性的，或者當(dāng)增加的預(yù)載荷與變形之間的聯(lián)系是非線性的時，可以說緊固件或接頭系統(tǒng)表現(xiàn)出非線性行為。 |
| Threading machine | 螺紋機 |
A machine used to cut an external thread on a rod, tube, bolt blank, etc. or an internal thread in a hole, tube, nut blank, etc. 用于切割桿、管、螺栓毛坯等上的外螺紋或孔、管、螺母毛坯等中的內(nèi)螺紋的機器。 |
| Maximum load (Pmax) | 最大負(fù)載（Pmax） |
(1) The load having the highest algebraic value in the load cycle. Tensile loads are considered positive and compressive loads negative. (2)Used to determine the strength of a structural member; the load that can be borne before failure is apparent. （1）負(fù)載循環(huán)中具有最高代數(shù)值的負(fù)載。拉伸荷載視為正荷載，壓縮荷載視為負(fù)荷載。（2）用于確定結(jié)構(gòu)構(gòu)件的強度；失效前可承受的載荷是明顯的。 |
| Critical load (Unit N) | 臨界負(fù)荷（單位N） |
1. The applied load that causes propagation of an existing crack of known length, and hence fracture of a component or structure. 2. The applied load that results in buckling of a column of given end fixity. 1.導(dǎo)致已知長度的現(xiàn)有裂紋擴展并因此導(dǎo)致部件或結(jié)構(gòu)斷裂的施加荷載。2.導(dǎo)致具有給定端部固定性的柱屈曲的施加荷載。 |
| Pressure tap | 測壓口 |
A small hole in the wall of a pipe or pressure vessel to which is attached a tube, the other end of which is connected to one side of a pressure transducer. 管子或壓力容器壁上的小孔，與管子相連，管子的另一端與壓力傳感器的一側(cè)相連。 |
| Centi (c) | 厘（c） |
An SI unit prefix indicating a multiplier of 0.01; thus centimetre is a unit of length equal to one one-hundredth of a metre or 10 mm. 表示乘數(shù)0.01的SI單位前綴；因此厘米是長度單位，等于一米的百分之一或10毫米。 |
| constitutive equation | 本構(gòu)方程 |
(constitutive relation) 1. In solid mechanics or fluid mechanics, an algebraic or numerical relation for the dependency of stress on deformation, strain, strain rate, temperature, etc. in a material. In solid mechanics such a relation is sometimes called an equation of state. Simple linear examples include Hooke’s law and Newton’s viscosity law. 2. In heat transfer, a relation, such as Fourier’s law of heat conduction, connecting heat flux with temperature gradient. （本構(gòu)關(guān)系）1.在固體力學(xué)或流體力學(xué)中，應(yīng)力與材料的變形、應(yīng)變、應(yīng)變率、溫度等之間的代數(shù)或數(shù)值關(guān)系。在固體力學(xué)中，這種關(guān)系有時稱為狀態(tài)方程。簡單的線性例子包括胡克定律和牛頓粘度定律。2.在傳熱學(xué)中，將熱流與溫度梯度聯(lián)系起來的一種關(guān)系，如傅立葉熱傳導(dǎo)定律。 |
| Crosshead | 十字頭 |
1. A reciprocating member, sliding between guides, to which the piston rod is firmly attached on one side and to which the connecting rod is pinned on the other for the conversion of reciprocating into rotary motion. 2. The moveable beam in early designs of mechanical testing machines. 3. A screwhead having slots in a + shape that takes a mating screwdriver. 1.一種往復(fù)式構(gòu)件，在導(dǎo)軌之間滑動，活塞桿一側(cè)固定在其上，連桿另一側(cè)固定在該構(gòu)件上，用于將往復(fù)式運動轉(zhuǎn)換為旋轉(zhuǎn)運動。2.機械試驗機早期設(shè)計中的活動梁。3.一種螺釘頭，其具有采用配合螺絲刀的+形槽。 |
| Ablative materials | 燒蝕材料 |
Materials, especially coating materials, designed to provide thermal protection to a body in a fluid stream through the loss of mass. 材料，尤其是涂層材料，旨在通過質(zhì)量損失為流體流中的物體提供熱保護。 |
| Torque converter | 變矩器 |
A turbomachine used for torque amplification consisting of an impeller, a turbine, and a reaction member. Applications include motor-vehicle transmissions. 用于扭矩放大的渦輪機，由葉輪、渦輪機和反作用構(gòu)件組成。應(yīng)用包括機動車變速器。 |
| Biodiesel | 生物柴油 |
A substitute for diesel fuel derived from the oily seeds of sunflowers, oilseed rape, soya beans, etc. 從向日葵、油菜、大豆等的油性種子中提取的柴油的替代品。 |
| Median fatigue strength at N cycles | N次循環(huán)的中位疲勞強度 |
An estimate of the stress level at which 50% of the population would survive N cycles. The estimate is derived from a particular point of the fatigue life distribution, because there is no test procedure by which a frequency distribution of fatigue strengths at Ncycles can be directly observed. 估計50%的量在N個周期內(nèi)生存的壓力水平。該估計值來自疲勞壽命分布的一個特定點，因為沒有試驗程序可以直接觀察N次循環(huán)疲勞強度的頻率分布。 |
| Mechanical units | 機械單位 |
The units of physical quantities, the dimensions of which includemass, length, and time. 物理量的單位，其量綱包括質(zhì)量、長度和時間。 |
| Angle of thread | 螺紋角度 |
The included angle between the sides forming the groove of the screw thread. 形成螺紋凹槽的邊之間的夾角。 |
| Sample percentage | 樣本百分比 |
The percentage of observed values between two stated values of the variable under consideration. It is a point estimate of the percentage of the population between the same two stated values. 所考慮變量的兩個規(guī)定值之間的觀測值百分比。它是對相同兩個規(guī)定值之間的總體百分比的點估計。 |
| Congruent melting point (Unit K) | 全等熔點（單位K） |
congruent melting point (Unit K) The temperature at which a solid substance at a specified pressure changes phase to a liquid of identical composition. 一致的熔點（單位K）固體物質(zhì)在特定壓力下相變?yōu)榫哂邢嗤煞值囊后w時的溫度。 |
| Nipple | 噴嘴 |
A device containing a non-return valve screwed into a lubrication point through which grease may be introduced, for example into a bearing. 一種包含止回閥的裝置，該止回閥擰入潤滑點，通過該潤滑點可以將潤滑脂引入，例如軸承中。 |
| Bernoulli’s law | 伯努利定律 |
For a steadily flowing fluid (liquid or gas), the sum of the pressure, kinetic energy per unit volume and potential energy per unit volume is constant at any point in the fluid. Using this relationship, it is possible to measure the velocity of a fluid by measuring its pressure at two points, as with a manometer or Pitot tube. 對于穩(wěn)定流動的流體（液體或氣體），壓力、每單位體積的動能和每單位體積的勢能之和在流體中的任何點都是恒定的。使用這種關(guān)系，可以通過在兩個點測量流體的壓力來測量流體的速度，就像使用壓力計或皮托管一樣。 |
| Grain coarsening | 晶粒粗化 |
A heat treatment that produces excessively large austenitic grains. 產(chǎn)生過大奧氏體晶粒的熱處理。 |
| Radial wave equation | 徑向波動方程 |
A differential equation describing the transmission of a wave in a system with radial symmetry. 描述波在徑向?qū)ΨQ系統(tǒng)中傳輸?shù)奈⒎址匠獭?/td> |
| Constant-velocity universal joint | 等速萬向節(jié) |
(CV joint, homokinetic joint) A connexion that transmits constant angular velocity between two shafts that are neither necessarily in line nor whose axial position is necessarily fixed. （CV關(guān)節(jié)，勻速關(guān)節(jié)）在兩個軸之間傳遞恒定角速度的連接，這兩個軸既不必在一條直線上，也不必固定其軸向位置。 |
| Strain energy | 應(yīng)變能 |
A measure of the energy absorption characteristics of a material determined by measuring the area under the stress-strain diagram. 通過測量應(yīng)力-應(yīng)變圖下的面積確定的材料能量吸收特性的度量。 |
| Heat balance (heat budget) | 熱平衡（熱預(yù)算） |
An energy balance involving only heat transfer across the system boundary and the stored energy. 僅涉及跨系統(tǒng)邊界的熱傳遞和存儲能量的能量平衡。 |
| Plane strain | 平面應(yīng)變 |
The stress condition in linear-elastic fracture mechanics in which there is zero strain in a direction normal to both the axis of applied tensile stress and the direction of crack growth (i.e., parallel to the crack front); most nearly achieved in loading thick plates along a direction parallel to the plate surface. Under plane-strain conditions, the plane of fracture instability is normal to the axis of the principal tensile stress. 線彈性斷裂力學(xué)中的應(yīng)力條件，其中在垂直于施加拉應(yīng)力軸和裂紋擴展方向（即平行于裂紋前沿）的方向上存在零應(yīng)變；最接近于沿平行于板表面的方向加載厚板。在平面應(yīng)變條件下，斷裂失穩(wěn)平面垂直于主拉應(yīng)力軸。 |
| Endurance limit | 耐力極限 |
The maximum stress below which a material can presumably endure an infinite number of stress cycles. The value of the maximum stress and the stress ratio also should be stated. That completely reversing stress limit below which a bolt or joint member will have an essentially infinite life under cyclic fatigue loads. Note that the mean stress on the bolts here is zero. 材料可以承受無限次應(yīng)力循環(huán)的最大應(yīng)力。還應(yīng)說明最大應(yīng)力值和應(yīng)力比。完全逆轉(zhuǎn)的應(yīng)力極限，低于該極限螺栓或接頭構(gòu)件在循環(huán)疲勞載荷下將具有基本上無限的壽命。請注意，此處螺栓上的平均應(yīng)力為零。 |
| Recrystallization temperature | 再結(jié)晶溫度 |
The approximate minimum temperature at which complete recrystallization of a cold-worked metal occurs within a specified time. 冷加工金屬在規(guī)定時間內(nèi)發(fā)生完全再結(jié)晶的近似最低溫度。 |
| Embrittlement | 脆化 |
The loss of ductility or fracture toughness of materials, either during processing or in service. The severe loss of ductility or toughness or both, of a material, usually a metal or alloy. Many forms of embrittlement can lead to brittle fracture. Many forms can occur during thermal treatment or elevated-temperature service (thermally induced embrittlement). Some of these forms of embrittlement, which affect steels, include blue brittleness, 885 °F (475 °C) embrittlement, quench-age embrittlement, sigma-phase embrittlement, strain-age embrittlement, temper embrittlement, tempered martensite embrittlement, and thermal embrittlement. In addition, steels and other metals and alloys can be embrittled by environmental conditions (environmentally assisted embrittlement). The forms of environmental embrittlement include acid embrittlement, caustic embrittlement, corrosion embrittlement, creep-rupture embrittlement, hydrogen embrittlement, liquid metal embrittlement, neutron embrittlement, solder embrittlement, solid metal embrittlement, and stress-corrosion cracking. 材料在加工或使用過程中的延展性或斷裂韌性損失。通常是金屬或合金的延展性或韌性或兩者的嚴(yán)重?fù)p失。多種形式的脆化可導(dǎo)致脆性斷裂。在熱處理或高溫服務(wù)期間，可能會出現(xiàn)多種形式（熱致脆化）。影響鋼的一些脆化形式包括藍(lán)脆、885°F（475°C）脆化、淬火時效脆化、西格瑪相脆化、應(yīng)變時效脆化，回火脆化、回火馬氏體脆化和熱脆化。此外，鋼和其他金屬和合金可能因環(huán)境條件而脆化（環(huán)境輔助脆化）。環(huán)境脆化的形式包括酸脆化、堿脆化、腐蝕脆化、蠕變斷裂脆化、氫脆化、液態(tài)金屬脆化、中子脆化、焊料脆化、固態(tài)金屬脆化和應(yīng)力腐蝕開裂。 |
| Liquid carburizing | 液體滲碳 |
Surface hardening of steel by immersion into a molten bath consisting of cyanides and other salts. 通過浸入由氰化物和其他鹽組成的熔池中對鋼進行表面硬化。 |
| Microstrain | 微應(yīng)變 |
The strain over a gage length comparable to interatomic distances. These are the strains being averaged by the macrostrain measurement. Microstrain is not measurable by currently existing techniques. Variance of the microstrain distribution can, however, be measured by x-ray diffraction. 與原子間距離相當(dāng)?shù)臉?biāo)距上的應(yīng)變。這些是通過宏觀應(yīng)變測量得到的平均應(yīng)變。現(xiàn)有技術(shù)無法測量微應(yīng)變。然而微應(yīng)變分布的變化可以通過x射線衍射來測量。 |
| Young’s modulus | 楊氏模量 |
A term used synonymously with modulus of elasticity. The ratio of tensile or compressive stresses to the resulting strain. 與彈性模量同義的術(shù)語。拉伸或壓縮應(yīng)力與產(chǎn)生應(yīng)變的比率。 |
| Screw compressor | 螺桿壓縮機 |
A positive-displacement rotary compressor in which gas is progressively compressed by two intermeshing, counter-rotating, helical screws. 一種容積式旋轉(zhuǎn)壓縮機，其中氣體由兩個相互嚙合、反向旋轉(zhuǎn)的螺旋螺桿逐漸壓縮。 |
| Creep–time relations | 蠕變時間關(guān)系 |
Algebraic or numerical relations between creep strain and time at constant stress. 恒定應(yīng)力下蠕變應(yīng)變與時間之間的代數(shù)或數(shù)值關(guān)系。 |
| Thermodynamic process | 熱力學(xué)過程 |
A change in equilibrium state undergone by a quantity of matter or a system. 一定量的物質(zhì)或系統(tǒng)所經(jīng)歷的平衡狀態(tài)的變化。 |
| Gear ratio | 傳動比 |
For two gears in contact, the ratio of the number of teeth on the driving gear to that on the driven gear. 對于接觸的兩個齒輪，主動齒輪上的齒數(shù)與從動齒輪上的齒數(shù)之比。 |
| Base metal hardness | 母材硬度 |
Hardness closest to the surface (when traversing from core to outside diameter) just before an increase or decrease occurs, denoting, respectively, carburization or decarburization. 在發(fā)生增加或減少之前最接近表面的硬度（從芯部到外徑時），分別表示滲碳或脫碳。 |
| Bond strength (Unit Pa) | 結(jié)合強度（單位Pa） |
The tensile, compressive or shear stress at which joints fail, e.g. by fracture or excessive deformation. 接頭失效的拉伸、壓縮或剪切應(yīng)力，例如斷裂或過度變形。 |
| Thermal reactor | 熱反應(yīng)器 |
An enlarged exhaust manifold bolted directly to the cylinder head of a piston engine, in which the oxidation of carbon monoxide and unburned hydrocarbons in the exhaust gas is enhanced. 一種擴大的排氣歧管，直接用螺栓固定在活塞式發(fā)動機的氣缸蓋上，其中一氧化碳和未燃燒碳?xì)浠衔锏难趸饔迷鰪姟?/td> |
| Reduction in area (RA) | 縮小面積（RA） |
The difference between the original cross-sectional area of a tensile specimen and the smallest area at or after fracture as specified for the material undergoing testing. Also known as reduction of area. 拉伸試樣的原始橫截面積與試驗材料斷裂時或斷裂后的最小面積之間的差值，也稱為減少面積。 |
| Striation | 條紋組織 |
A fatigue fracture feature, often observed in electron micrographs, that indicates the position of the crack front after each succeeding cycle of stress. The distance between striations indicates the advance of the crack front across that crystal during one stress cycle, and a line normal to the striation indicates the direction of local crack propagation. 一種疲勞斷裂特征，通常在電子顯微照片中觀察到，表明每次應(yīng)力循環(huán)后裂紋前沿的位置。條紋之間的距離表示在一個應(yīng)力循環(huán)期間裂紋前沿穿過該晶體的前進，垂直于條紋的線表示局部裂紋擴展的方向。 |
| Water quenching | 水淬 |
A quench in which water is the quenching medium. The major disadvantage of water quenching is its poor efficiency at the beginning or hot stage of the quenching process. 以水為淬火介質(zhì)的淬火。水淬的主要缺點是在淬火過程的開始或熱階段效率低。 |
| Absolute value error | 絕對值誤差 |
The magnitude of the error dlsregarding the algebraic sign, or, for a vectorial error, disregarding its function. 關(guān)于代數(shù)符號的誤差幅度，或者，對于矢量誤差，不考慮其函數(shù)。 |
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